Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Danuše Nerudová
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Veronika Solilová
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Transfer pricing in agricultural enterprises
Abstract: International tax issues already have not been problems of multinational enterprises. The effect of globalization and international business development causes that many small and medium size firms including agricultural entities are now engaged in the cross-border transactions and have to face the international tax issues. One of the important areas of international taxes is transfer pricing. The transactions between these persons should be assessed at their arm's length price according to the arm's length principle (internationally accepted standard) as the price which would have been agreed between the unrelated parties in free market conditions. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of the selection of the form of the subsidiary on the total tax liability of the agricultural entity, including the determination of the transfer price, the application of the arm's length principle and decisions about the most suitable legal form of the subsidiary.
Keywords: transfer prices, arm's length principle, tax liability
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 311-321
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/84/2010-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/84/2010-AGRICECON.html
File-Format: text/html
X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/age-201107-0001.txt
Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:84-2010-AGRICECON

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana TURČÍNKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jana STÁVKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Assessment of the income situation of households in the Czech Republic
Abstract: The paper deals with the assessment of income situation of households in the Czech Republic. The primary source for the analysis were the data of the survey EU-SILC European Union - Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The basic variable for the analysis is the level of the household income in 2005-2008. In addition to the decile classification, characteristics such as the average income per one household member, poverty threshold, poverty depth coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. were calculated in order to evaluate the income situation. The results show an increase of the average household income. The Lorenz curve followed by the Gini coefficient demonstrate the uniformity of distribution of income values. The results show a decreasing income differentiation. The poverty threshold was defined on the level of 60% of the median value and with this given threshold, the households were assessed, whether they belong to the ones at the risk of poverty. The results reveal a decreasing number of households at the risk of poverty. The poverty depth coefficient has a stronger explanatory power and shows how far below the poverty threshold the households are, or what is an income deficit of these households. Each category of households at the risk of poverty varies with the depth of poverty. The analysis also provides the results of how the households' income situation or poverty is perceived by the households themselves.
Keywords: income differentiation of households, households at risk of poverty, material deprivation, perception of the income situation, EU SILC
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 322-330
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/30/2011-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/30/2011-AGRICECON.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:30-2011-AGRICECON

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lea KUBÍČKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Aleš PEPRNÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises in the viticulture
Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important part of the Czech economy, they significantly contribute to the job and GDP creation, they are the source of innovation and technological progress. The paper is focused on the internationalization of SMEs, specifically in the wine sector, which is a specific sector closely linked to the specific area and it is significantly subjected to natural and climatic conditions. The authors focused on the specification of the most important aspects of the internationalization of Czech wine-growing small and medium enterprises based on the research via interviewing 450 SMEs wineries. The authors thus identified the key success factors in the process of internationalization of SMEs in the wine business.
Keywords: SMEs, internationalization process, viticulture, key success factors
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 331-339
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/31/2011-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/31/2011-AGRICECON.html
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:31-2011-AGRICECON

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrik SVOBODA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Taxes, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Application of new approaches in recognizing leases on the part of the lessee in the selected companies in the Czech Republic
Abstract: The paper aims to presents the views of the selected Czech SMEs on the individual problems of lease reporting on the side of lessee as a reaction to the project of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the concepts of which on reporting leases have been offered for the public discussion since the end of the year 2009. There are presented the author's views on the advantages and weaknesses of some of the proposed methods of reporting the lease contracts. These findings result from the performed comparisons of recording simplified specific lease contracts on operational lease from the business practice, reported according to the current IFRS methodology and the concept of the right of use, and from the comparison of views of specialists, in particular those published on the IASB and FASB websites. These views were further completed by the author with the partial results of the investigation made in 203 Czech SMES dealing with the suitability of the future application of these principles to SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Entities). The survey was conducted among the selected Czech companies whose leaders knew the problems of reporting operational and financial leases under the IAS/IFRS and were willing to study the concepts presented by the IASB and the FASB and other materials relating to leases. The analyzed entities generally believe that the application of the right to use the concept will lead to a true and fair view on the side of the lessee but the application of this concept is associated with inappropriate costs. Most respondents believe that the asset and liability should be recognised in one aggregated amount and the decreasing of the obligation and the asset amortization should be assessed separately. The best solution in the case of changes in the estimates is to use the historic incremental borrowing rate.
Keywords: lessee, true and fair view, right to use assets, lease liabilities
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 340-349
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/87/2011-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/87/2011-AGRICECON.html
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:87-2011-AGRICECON

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pavel SYROVÁTKA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Regional and Business Economics, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Effects of changes in the tax environment on the consumer demand for food
Abstract: The article describes in detail and applies the methodological approach to the conditions of the Czech markets; such an approach may be used in quantifying changes in the volume of consumer demand for food if the VAT rate or the physical persons' income tax rate are changed. To define the percentage change in the consumer demand for food caused by changes in the VAT rate or in the physical persons' income tax rate, the differential-logarithmic model of the Marshallian demand function was applied: dQ/Q × 100 = ε × [ln(1 + ν1) - ln(1 + ν0)] × 100 + η × [ln(1 - μ1) - ln(1 - μ1)] × 100. The general form of the dynamic demand model was adjusted to the conditions of the Czech final food market through the respective coefficients of the price elasticity (ε) and the income elasticity (η) as follows: dQ/Q × 100 = -0.514 × [ln(1 + ν1) - ln(1 + ν0)] × 100 + 0.583 × [ln(1 - μ1) - ln(1 - μ1)] × 100. On the basis of the derived differential model, it may be stated that an increase in the VAT rate by 1 percentage point from the original rate (10%) would cause a decrease in the demand for food of an average Czech household by 0.4652%. In the case of an increase in the physical person's income tax by 1 percentage point from the original rate (15%), the demand for food of an average Czech household would decrease by 0.6899%. The achieved results show that the demand of Czech households for food responds more sensitively to changes in the income tax. Quantification of the relative change in the consumer demand for food caused by the tax rate changes, especially the VAT tax rate change, is also useful for making estimates of the relative changes in demand functions within the respective agriculture and food-processing industry verticals. The performed analysis shows that the changes in the volume of consumer demand for food will be transferred in the same percentage rate to the demand functions within the respective agriculture and food-processing industry verticals, provided the technical and technological conditions are stabile.
Keywords: demand for food, VAT, income tax, consumer demand dynamics, evaluation of changes in demand
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 350-355
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/101/2011-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/101/2011-AGRICECON.html
File-Format: text/html
X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/age-201107-0005.txt
Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:101-2011-AGRICECON

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiří ŠŤASTNÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Vladimír KONEČNÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Oldřich TRENZ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Agricultural data prediction by means of neural network
Abstract: The contribution deals with the prediction of crop yield levels, using an artificial intelligence approach, namely a multi-layer neural network model. Subsequently, we are contrasting this approach with several non-linear regression models, the usefulness of which has been tested and published several times in the specialized periodicals. The main stress is placed on judging the accuracy of the individual methods and of the implementation. A neural network simulation device is that which enables the user to set an adequate configuration of the neural network vis á vis the required task. The conclusions can be generalized for other tasks of a similar nature, especially for the tasks of a non-linear character, where the benefits of this method increase.
Keywords: neural network, multi-layer perceptron, approximation, learning, regression
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Pages: 356-361
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Year: 2011
DOI: 10.17221/108/2011-AGRICECON
File-URL: http://agricecon.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/108/2011-AGRICECON.html
File-Format: text/html
X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/age-201107-0006.txt
Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlage:v:57:y:2011:i:7:id:108-2011-AGRICECON