Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Sekerák Author-Workplace-Name: Mendelianum, Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Mendel and progress in 200 years Journal: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Pages: 95 Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/21/2022-CJGPB File-URL: http://cjgpb.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/21/2022-CJGPB.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjg:v:58:y:2022:i:3:id:21-2022-CJGPB Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petr Cápal Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslav Doležel Title: Chromosome-centric approaches in crop genomics: Focus on Mendel's pea plant Abstract: Gregor Mendel laid foundations of genetics after his experiments in pea plant hybridization. The choice of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its seven morphological characters as a model system was fortuitous and enabled the fundamental discoveries. Nevertheless, other model organisms were chosen by his followers who aimed at discovering the nature of hereditary information. This remained so until the era of molecular biology and genomics, largely due to the huge size of the pea plant genome. However, the introduction of methods for dissecting the genome to single chromosomes by flow cytometric sorting simplified physical mapping and sequencing the pea genome and the analysis of its evolution. An unexplored potential of chromosome flow sorting in pea includes gene cloning and also the analysis of the molecular organization of condensed mitotic chromosomes. In line with the advances in various omics techniques and a variety of physiological and morphological characters, this makes the pea plant an attractive candidate for a new plant model. Keywords: chromosome sorting, flow cytogenetics, gene cloning, genome mapping, genome sequence, Pisum sativum L Journal: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Pages: 96-112 Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/11/2022-CJGPB File-URL: http://cjgpb.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/11/2022-CJGPB.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjg-202203-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjg:v:58:y:2022:i:3:id:11-2022-CJGPB Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Kopecký Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Antonio Martín Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible IAS-CSIC, Cordoba, Spain Author-Name: Petr Smýkal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Title: Interspecific hybridization and plant breeding: From historical retrospective through work of Mendel to current crops Abstract: There is a relatively long history of plant hybridization traced back to ancient time, both from theoretical as well as practical perspectives. At first considered as an evolutionary dead-end, it was soon recognized to have important role in plant speciation. Beside his work on pea, G.J. Mendel also conducted interspecific hybridization using several species including Hieracium. Current knowledge shows that the frequent occurrence of wide hybridization in nature is often connected with polyploidy. Interspecific hybridization has played a role in plant domestication and numerous crops are allopolyploids, sometimes of complex hybrid origin. This has been also used in practical breeding, extending even to intergeneric crosses which benefit from heterosis, transgressive segregation and introgression phenomenon. This review aims to provide a a historical retrospective and summarize both current knowledge and the usage of interspecific hybridization in crop breeding. Keywords: allopolyploid, breeding, crop, domestication, heterosis, hybridization, interspecific hybrids Journal: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Pages: 113-126 Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/19/2022-CJGPB File-URL: http://cjgpb.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/19/2022-CJGPB.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjg-202203-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjg:v:58:y:2022:i:3:id:19-2022-CJGPB Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michaela Ludvíková Author-Name: Miroslav Griga Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Biotechnology Department, Agritec Plant Research, Ltd., Šumperk, Czech Republic Title: Pea transformation: History, current status and challenges Abstract: This review recapitulates the history, important milestones, the current status, and the perspectives of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) transformation as a tool for pea crop breeding. It summarises the developments of the pea transformation from the first methodological experiments to achieving the complete transformation and regeneration of genetically modified (GM) plants, transformation with the first genes of interest (GOI), to recent techniques of targeted genome editing. We show how recent biotechnological methods and genetic engineering may contribute to pea breeding in order to speed up the breeding process and for the creation of new pea cultivars. The focus is laid on genetic engineering which represents an excellent technology to enhance the pea gene pool with genes of interest which are not naturally present in the pea genome. Different methods of pea transformation are mentioned, as well as various GOI that have been used for pea transformation to date, all aimed at improving transgenic pea traits. Tolerance to herbicides or resistance to viruses, fungal pathogens, and insect pests belong, among others, to the pea traits that have already been modulated by methods of genetic engineering. The production of phytopharmaceuticals is also an important chapter in the use of genetically modified peas. We compare different methods of introducing transgenes to peas and also the usage of different selective and reporter genes. The transformation of other major legumes (soybeans, beans) is marginally mentioned. The effect of genetically modified (GM) peas on animal health (feeding tests, allergenicity) is summarised, the potential risks and benefits of pea modification are evaluated and also the prime expectations of GM peas and the real current state of this technology are compared. Unfortunately, this technology or, more precisely, the products created by this technology are under strict (albeit not scientifically-based) legislative control in the European Union. Keywords: Agrobacterium, biotechnology in plant breeding, legumes, new breeding technology, pea, transformation/genetic modification Journal: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Pages: 127-161 Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/24/2022-CJGPB File-URL: http://cjgpb.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/24/2022-CJGPB.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjg-202203-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjg:v:58:y:2022:i:3:id:24-2022-CJGPB Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Salava Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Derek Lydiate Author-Workplace-Name: Saskatoon Research Centre, Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada Title: Mendelian inheritance of introrse orientated anthers in Brassica rapa Abstract: The inheritance of anther orientation of 154 individuals from two B1 populations of Brassica rapa (syn. Brassica campestris) was evaluated under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The anther orientation was evaluated visually at the time of fully open flowers. The observed extrorse:introrse ratios were 1 : 1 in R-o-18 × (R-o-18 × RM29) population and 3 : 1 in R-o-18 × (R-o-18 × R c-50) population. It was concluded that this trait is controlled by two duplicated pairs of genes (A1, A2) for extrorse anthers, either of which can produce extrorse anthers when a single dominant allele is present. Introrse anthers result when all alleles at both loci are recessive. Keywords: anther orientation, Brassica campestris, chi-square test, Chinese cabbage, mating system, turnip rape, yellow sarson Journal: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Pages: 162-165 Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/107/2021-CJGPB File-URL: http://cjgpb.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/107/2021-CJGPB.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjg-202203-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjg:v:58:y:2022:i:3:id:107-2021-CJGPB