Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Ciappesoni Author-Workplace-Name: National Agricultural Research Institute, INIA - Las Brujas, Uruguay Author-Name: J. Přibyl Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Animal Production, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Milerski Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Animal Production, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Mareš Author-Workplace-Name: Sheep and Goat Breeders Association (SCHOK), Brno, Czech Republic Title: Factors affecting goat milk yield and its composition Abstract: The aim of the paper was to prove the accuracy of various statistical models of vari­ance analysis for estimation of systematic factors that influence milk yield and fat and protein content in dairy goats. Data on daily milk production recorded by methods AT, AC or A4 for the population of Czech White Shorthaired Goats over 1992-2002 was used for calculations. A total of 78 736 test day from 6 234 goats were analysed. Average daily milk production was 3.09 kg with 3.72% of fat and 2.84% of protein. Variability of examined traits was significantly influenced by effects of herd-year or herd-test day, litter size, parity, season of kidding, stage of lactation and the combined effect parity-year-season of kidding. The variants of model equations in which complex effects of herd-year were replaced by effects of herd-test day showed higher values of reliability for the three traits analysed. Keywords: Czech White Shorthaired goat, fat, protein, lactation curve, test day Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science Pages: 465-473 Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4333-CJAS File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4333-CJAS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjs-200411-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:49:y:2004:i:11:id:4333-CJAS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Wierzbicki Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural University, Wroclaw, Poland Title: Breeding value evaluation in Polish fur animals: Estimates of direct heritability and portion of litter variation of fur coat and reproduction traits Abstract: The study presents estimates of heritability for fur coat and reproduction traits in arctic and silver foxes kept on Polish farms. The estimates of variance components were calculated using the DFREML and single-trait animal models. Due to a discrete character of fur coat traits, they were analysed twice: (1) without normalisation of their scores distribution, (2) after the normal probability scale transformation of their scores. Linear models included random additive genetic and common litter environment effects, and fixed effects of farm × year × birth season in the silver fox or year × birth season in the arctic fox as well as the fixed effect of female age when the reproduction traits were analysed. Moreover, the estimation of variance components for fur coat traits was done by a linear model with (Model 2) or without (Model 1) inbreeding coefficients included as linear covariable. In the arctic fox accounting for inbreeding and the data transformation did not markedly influence the estimates of heritability and the portion of litter variation calculated for the fur coat traits. An inbreeding effect was negligible (except for body size - BS) likely due to the low inbred level of the arctic fox population. In the silver fox the comparison of estimates derived using 2 different linear models and 2 data sets revealed more differences than it was found in the arctic fox. Accounting for inbreeding usually led to lower estimates of heritability, mainly when heritabilities were derived from the normal probability scale-transformed data. Most of the estimates of heritability of reproduction traits were found within the range reported by other authors. However, somewhat higher heritabilities were found for litter size at birth - LSB (0.205) and litter size at weaning - LSW (0.250). Keywords: arctic fox, fur coat, heritability, normal probability scale transformation, reproduction, silver fox Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science Pages: 474-482 Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4334-CJAS File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4334-CJAS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjs-200411-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:49:y:2004:i:11:id:4334-CJAS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Trávníček Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Faculty, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Kroupová Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Faculty, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Šoch Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Faculty, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Iodine content in bulk feeds in western and southern bohemia Abstract: In 1997-2001 a total of 304 samples of bulk feeds were analysed. Iodine was determined spectrophotometrically by Sandell and Kolthoff's method (Bednář et al., 1964). The highest content of iodine was determined in grass silage (213.3 ± 169.3 µg/kg DM). The lowest concentration was measured in maize silage (110.0 ± 97.2) and hay (112.1 ± 93.9). Pasture herbage contained on average 148.9 ± 105.1. Feeds originating from foothill areas of western Bohemia (geological bedrock built of crystalline schists and igneous intrusions of earlier granite) contained a higher amount of iodine than feeds from foothill areas of southern Bohemia (geological bedrock in which crystalline schists prevail). The largest difference in iodine content in relation to feed origin was found out in hay: western Bohemia 168.0, southern Bohemia 78.0 (P < 0.01). From May to July pasture herbage contained 101.3 ± 73.6 and from August to October 214.5 ± 107.3 µg/kg DM (P < 0.01). Keywords: pasture herbage, hay, grass silage, maize silage Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science Pages: 483-488 Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4335-CJAS File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4335-CJAS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjs-200411-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:49:y:2004:i:11:id:4335-CJAS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: O. Hanuš Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Frelich Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Vyletělová Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Roubal Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Author-Name: Z. Vorlíček Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Jedelská Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic Title: Technologically difficult, pathogenic and food risky bacterial contamination of raw milk and other materials from dairy cow herds Abstract: Processing of milk for higher value-added products and milk food chain safety require prevention of higher occurrence of microorganisms that can produce spores. It is important to carry out prevention already during raw milk production by farm hygienic measures. The above-mentioned microorganisms can jeopardize the quality and safety of milk foods. This is the reason why the knowledge of factors, interrelationships and possibilities of milk contamination is assumed. The occurrence of hygienically important groups of microorganisms in mixed rough fodder (F) in feeding trough, in excrements (E) and in bulk milk (M) was investigated on seven farms with a good level of milk yield, management and hygienic conditions for three years in summer (S) and winter (W) feeding seasons. The data set was well balanced in terms of other possible farm factors (such as height above sea level, breed of dairy cows and so on). In total 70 samples of each mentioned material were collected. The investigations were focused on counts of thermoresistant bacteria (TRB), total counts of bacilli (TBA), frequency of occurrence of Bacillus cereus (BCE) and Bacillus licheniformis (BLI), and counts of other bacilli (OBA) in all mentioned materials and on the frequency of occurrence of main mastitis pathogens Streptococcus agalactiae (SAG) and Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) in milk. The means of parameters did not exceed the defined standard limits, in particular in raw milk that was suitable for direct human consumption in raw state or for processing for milk products without heat treatment according to relevant EU food legislation. The variabilities of hygienic parameters were relatively high: from 179% (TBA) to 315% (TRB) in F; from 178% (BLI) to 350% (TRB) in E; from 117% (TBA) to 459% (SAG) in M. S increased TRB in F (P > 0.05). Counts of bacilli were well balanced between S and W. S increased BLI in E (P < 0.05), an opposite trend was observed in BCE. The season did not influence SAG and SAU in M. Higher (P ≤ 0.01) counts of BCE were in S, the trend was opposite for BLI (P ≤ 0.05). The season effect on the occurrence of technologically and hygienically difficult microorganisms was not confirmed in general for M, F and E of dairy cows. Regression analysis of the investigated parameters was done. There were significant positive correlations between bacilli and TRB in F as well as in E (correlation coefficients from 0.32 to 0.65; P ≤ 0.01). The relationships between TRB and occurrence of bacilli in M were less close (0.30; P ≤ 0.05) than in F and E. No significant relationships were found between TRB and occurrence of main mastitis pathogens in milk (SAG r = -0.14 and SAU r = 0.11; both P > 0.05). It confirmed the high pasteurization efficiency at liquidation of mentioned pathogens. The relationship SAU × SAG in M was 0.23 (P < 0.05). It suggests a simultaneous effect of dairy cow health state on the occurrence of both pathogens. The majority of significant relationships (from 0.26 to 0.76; from P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.001) was in F × E within TRB, BLI, OBA and TBA. 7% to 58% of the changes in E were dependent on changes in F. The occurrences of TRB and BLI in M were significantly influenced (0.24 and 0.32; P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01) by their occurrences in E and F. The observed dependences confirm the relationships between materials (F, E and M) and possibilities of penetration of TRB and bacilli through the technological chain along the axis F - E - M. The hygiene of rough fodder harvest and preservation is highly important for prevention of the above-mentioned risks. Keywords: dairy cow, hygiene, rough fodder, excrements, milk, thermoresistant bacteria, total bacilli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, other bacilli, food pathogens, mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, food chain safety, prevention Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science Pages: 489-499 Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4336-CJAS File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4336-CJAS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjs-200411-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:49:y:2004:i:11:id:4336-CJAS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Prevolnik Author-Workplace-Name: 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Author-Name: M. Čandek-Potokar Author-Workplace-Name: 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Author-Name: D. Škorjanc Author-Workplace-Name: 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Title: Ability of NIR spectroscopy to predict meat chemical composition and quality - a review Abstract: In contrast to conventional methods for the determination of meat chemical composition and quality, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables rapid, simple and simultaneous assessment of numerous meat properties. The present article is a review of published studies that examined the ability of NIRS to predict different meat properties. According to the published results, NIRS shows a great potential to replace the expensive and time-consuming chemical analysis of meat composition. On the other hand, NIRS is less accurate for predicting different attributes of meat quality. In view of meat quality evaluation, the use of NIRS appears more promising when categorizing meat into quality classes on the basis of meat quality traits for example discriminating between feeding regimes, discriminating fresh from frozen-thawed meat, discriminating strains, etc. The performance of NIRS to predict meat properties seems limited by the reliability of the method to which it is calibrated. Moreover, the use of NIRS may also be limited by the fact that it needs a laborious calibration for every purpose. In spite of that, NIRS is considered to be a very promising method for rapid meat evaluation. Keywords: NIR spectroscopy, meat chemical composition, meat quality Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science Pages: 500-510 Volume: 49 Issue: 11 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4337-CJAS File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4337-CJAS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/cjs-200411-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:49:y:2004:i:11:id:4337-CJAS