Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K. Danowski
Author-Workplace-Name: Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Workplace-Name: ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Name: D. Sorg
Author-Workplace-Name: Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Workplace-Name: ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Name: J. Gross
Author-Workplace-Name: Animal Nutrition, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Name: H.H.D. Meyer
Author-Workplace-Name: Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Workplace-Name: ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Name: H. Kliem
Author-Workplace-Name: Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Author-Workplace-Name: ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Title: Innate defense capability of challenged primary bovine mammary epithelial cells after an induced negative energy balance in vivo
Abstract: Negative energy balance (NEB), if followed by metabolic imbalance, is a common problem in high-yielding dairy cows frequently associated with inflammation of the mammary gland. After entering the teat canal, mammary epithelium is the first line of defense against a pathogen invasion. To investigate the effect of NEB on the innate host defense of the mammary epithelium, primary bovine mammary epithelial cell (pbMEC) cultures were generated by cell extraction of milk derived from energy restricted and control feeding cows. pbMEC were obtained from 8 high-yielding dairy cows affected by induced NEB in mid-lactation due to a reduction to 51 ± 2% of total energy requirement (restriction group) and from 7 control cows (control group). They were exposed to heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for 24 and 72 h to investigate the influence of NEB on gene expression profiles of cytokines, chemokines, genes associated with apoptosis and antimicrobial peptides plus their receptors (AMPR) of the innate immune response. The immune challenge of pbMEC demonstrated an effect of immune capacity and NEB in 15 differential expressed genes. NEB induced a substantial up-regulation in restriction compared to control cells by trend in E. coli and a down-regulation in S. aureus exposed cells. Our investigations showed that the dietary-induced NEB in vivo influenced the immune response of pbMEC in vitro and altered the expression of immunological relevant genes due to a difference in energy supply. These results demonstrate that pbMEC are a suitable model for mastitis research, in which even effects of feeding regimes can be displayed.
Keywords: pbMEC, mastitis, energy deficit, E. coli, dairy cow, gene expression, innate immune response
Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Pages: 207-219
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Year: 2012
DOI: 10.17221/5919-CJAS
File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5919-CJAS.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:57:y:2012:i:5:id:5919-CJAS

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. Wolf
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Animal Science, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic
Author-Name: M. Wolfová
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Animal Science, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic
Title: Effect of service sire on litter size traits in Czech Large White and Landrace pigs
Abstract: The proportion of variance for service sire effect was estimated for three litter size traits (numbers of piglets born, born alive, and weaned) in Czech Large White (89 231 litters) and Czech Landrace (28 320 litters) pigs. Each trait in the first parity was considered as one trait and that trait in the second and subsequent parities was treated as a repeated trait. Consequently, three two-trait animal models were evaluated for each litter size trait: (i) the service sire effect was included and the complete relationship matrix for all the animals (service sires and sows) was taken into account; (ii) the service sire effect was included as a random effect without inclusion of the relationship matrix; (iii) the service sire effect was omitted from the model. Using the residual variance as a criterion, both models including the service sire effect were slightly better than the model without this effect. Estimates of genetic parameters were very similar for the two models including the service sire effect. The proportion of variance for service sire was in the range from 2 to 3% (standard error approx. 0.2%) in Czech Large White and 2% (standard error approx. 0.3%) in Czech Landrace for all three litter size traits and all models. Models without service sire effect or models including service sire as a simple random effect and without inclusion of the genetic relationship matrix are recommended for genetic evaluation of litter size traits.
Keywords: pig, litter size traits, genetic parameters, service sire
Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Pages: 220-230
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Year: 2012
DOI: 10.17221/5920-CJAS
File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5920-CJAS.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Komprej
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
Author-Name: G. Gorjanc
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
Author-Name: D. Kompan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
Author-Name: M. Kovač
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
Title: Lactation curves for milk yield, fat and protein content in Slovenian dairy sheep
Abstract: Lactation curves for daily milk yield, fat, and protein content in three dairy sheep breeds were estimated by the repeatability animal model using test-day records. A total of 38 983 records from 3068 ewes of Bovec, Improved Bovec, and Istrian Pramenka breeds, collected between the years 1994 and 2002, were analysed. The three-trait repeatability animal model included breed and lambing season as fixed. The stage of lactation within each breed was modelled by the modified Ali-Schaeffer's lactation curve. Parity and litter size were used as covariates in quadratic and linear regression, respectively. Common flock environment, additive genetic effect, permanent environment over lactations as well as within lactation were treated as random. The average daily milk yield was 1090 g in Bovec, 1010 g in Improved Bovec, and 731 g in Istrian Pramenka breeds. Overall means for fat and protein content were 6.59 and 5.53% for Bovec, 6.22 and 5.33% for Improved Bovec, and 7.20 and 5.63% for Istrian Pramenka. Breed, lambing season, stage of lactation, parity, and litter size significantly (P < 0.001) affected all three observed milk traits, with the only exception of parity in fat and litter size in protein content. The shape of lactation curves for daily milk yield in Bovec and Improved Bovec breeds fitted well to the general lactation curve in dairy sheep. Daily milk yield was increasing in the first month of lactation and decreasing thereafter. In Istrian Pramenka, the shape of lactation curve was more or less atypical, with daily milk yield decreasing almost throughout the entire lactation. Lactation curves for fat and protein content were opposite to the lactation curves for daily milk yield in all three breeds.
Keywords: dairy sheep, milk traits, test-day records, lactation curves
Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Pages: 231-239
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Year: 2012
DOI: 10.17221/5921-CJAS
File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5921-CJAS.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:57:y:2012:i:5:id:5921-CJAS

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: L. Mačuhová
Author-Workplace-Name: Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: V. Tančin
Author-Workplace-Name: Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: M. Uhrinčať
Author-Workplace-Name: Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: J. Mačuhová
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Animal Husbandry, Poing, Germany
Title: The level of udder emptying and milk flow stability in Tsigai, Improved Valachian, and Lacaune ewes during machine milking
Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the stability of milk flow curves and the volume of residual milk in relation to milk flow curves in breeds Tsigai, Improved Valachian, and Lacaune (n = 16 heads per breed) milked twice daily. Milk flow type stability was evaluated at morning milking (stabile milkings) during three successive days in the middle of two months (June, July). After the following fourth morning milking (OT milkings) in both months, oxytocin was injected intravenously at a dose of 2 UI. Afterwards the ewes were milked again in order to remove residual milk. The milk flow curves were classified into four types: 1 peak (1P), 2 peaks (2P), plateau I (maximal milk flow over 0.4 l/min) (PLI), plateau II (maximal milk flow less than 0.4 l/min) (PLII). If all milk flow curves of one animal were of the same type within one month and within both months, respectively, the animal was characterized as the ewe with the stabile type of milk flow. Frequency of occurrence of single milk flow types (1P : 2P : PLI : PLII) during stabile milkings was 42 : 49 : 9 : 0% in June and 51 : 37.5 : 11.5 : 0% in July. 33 ewes (i.e. 69%) had the stabile type of milk flow within both months. But, more than 51% of them had 1P type of milk flow. Milk production varied according to milk flow curve during OT milkings (0.427 ± 0.015, 0.498 ± 0.024, and 0.655 ± 0.035 l for 1P, 2P, and PLI, respectively). The highest percentage of residual milk from total milk yield (RM/TMY) was observed in ewes with 1P (20.29 ± 0.85%), followed by ewes with PLI (12.31 ± 1.99%) and 2P (9.72 ± 1.36%) (P < 0.0001). Lacaune ewes had the lowest amount of residual milk (0.054 ± 0.006 l) and RM/TMY (9.86 ± 1.16%) compared to breeds Tsigai (0.088 ± 0.008 l; 16.47 ± 1.44%) and Improved Valachian (0.069 ± 0.010 l; 15.99 ± 1.78%) indicating their better udder emptying.
Keywords: ewe, milk flow curves, stability of milk flow types, residual milk, breeds
Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Pages: 240-247
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Year: 2012
DOI: 10.17221/5922-CJAS
File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5922-CJAS.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlcjs:v:57:y:2012:i:5:id:5922-CJAS

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: I. Głażewska
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
Author-Name: B. Prusak
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Jastrzębiec, Poland
Title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of introducing new alleles into the gene pool of a rare dog breed: Polish Hound as the example
Abstract: The objective of the analysis was to check the possibility of enriching a gene pool of a rare dog breed by breeding use of dogs of unknown origin that are phenotypically similar to a given breed. The evaluation was performed using pedigree and mtDNA analyses applied to Polish Hounds. The results indicated the very limited breeding success of such dogs in relation to their contributions to the gene pool and to the number of their descendants used in breeding. Dogs of unknown origin accounted for 80.9% of the total number of breed founders while the proportions of their descendants used in breeding were equal to just 14.3 and 4.7% of the total number of dams and sires, respectively. Breeders are unwilling to use such dogs and kennel judges are critical of their quality and appearance which are inconsistent with the breed standard. This may be connected with their distinct breed affiliation detected by the mtDNA analysis which showed the presence of three mtDNA haplotypes in Polish Hounds differing by a large number of substitutions. The study leads to the pessimistic conclusions that chances of enriching gene pools through breeding use of dogs of unknown origin are rather slim. The case of the Polish Hounds shows that the success of programmes for improving the genetic condition of endangered dog breeds can only be achieved in coordination between breeders and kennel authorities, and with financing from the state.
Keywords: dog, pedigree analysis, mtDNA
Journal: Czech Journal of Animal Science
Pages: 248-254
Volume: 57
Issue: 5
Year: 2012
DOI: 10.17221/5923-CJAS
File-URL: http://cjas.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5923-CJAS.html
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