Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Blažek Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Falta Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Vávra Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Beneš Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Title: Prediction of profitability of topworking in older apple orchards under contemporary economic conditions of the Czech Republic Abstract: : In the Czech Republic, there is still a predominance of obsolete apple orchards that were established more than 15 years ago and that are not profitable under contemporary conditions. Typical features of these orchards are low or medium tree densities, freely growing semi-standard trees or hedgerows on semi-dwarf, or sometimes also on vigorous, rootstocks. The farmers are not always in a position to completely renovate them, and therefore they are interested in their topworking. The present paper studied the effectiveness of this measure under the current economic and market conditions of this country, using 3 types of orchards with different spacings and rootstocks and 5 groups of tree densities. Four cultivars were chosen as examples of different starting statuses for the modelling of subsequent development in three time horizons and for the prediction of profitability of this treatment. The profitability is based on an increase in farmer prices for cultivars that are presently recommended for replacement of the older ones according to the recent development of these prices on the fresh market. In the case of topworking for Spartan cv., an economic return of the measure can be expected at the earliest after 8 years of running the treated orchard. The greatest increase in profit can be achieved in orchards on the rootstock M 9. Nevertheless, with the decline of tree numbers in the orchard, or with the increase in tree losses, the general economic effectiveness of topworking notably falls. In the case of trees on the rootstock MM 106, this measure can have an economic effect only if at least 80% of the trees is in a good health state and it is presumed that the orchard will be used for another 10 years at least. A list of recommended cultivars to be used for replacement of the old ones is given. Keywords: apple orchards, top-working, economics, costs, profit, cultivars, tree densities, rootstocks, yields Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 85-91 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4469-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4469-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4469-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Blažková Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Author-Name: I. Hlušičková Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Blažek Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic Title: Fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content during ripening of Karešova cv. sweet cherry Abstract: Changes in fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content during the ripening period of Karešova cv. Including relationships between these characteristics were studied in 1998-2001. These years differed from each other in the amount and distribution of rainfall and in the course of temperatures. The length of ripening period fluctuated from 14 to 21 days. An increase in average fruit weight during the ripening period was 0.1 g per day. The actual increase in fruit weight was in a close correlation with the amount of rainfall in a few previous days. After heavy rainfalls, above 40 mm, fruit weight increased by nearly 1 g within in a few days. In the course of the ripening period fruit firmness decreased from about 2.5 N at the beginning of the period to about 1.5 N at its end. This decrease seems to be mainly the function of time during ripening. However, a low correlation between the amount of rainfall in the previous days and the decrease in firmness was also found. This correlation could be connected with negative regression of fruit firmness on the weight of the fruit. In the more rainy years 1998 and 1999 these decreases in firmness were more significant than in the other two years. Soluble solids content (SSC) increased from about 12% Brix at the beginning of the period to about 16% at its end. There were also found positive correlations between the weight of fruits and SSC. Taking into account contributions of all studied factors and their changes a conclusion was drawn that Karešova cv. should be harvested within one week from the beginning of its ripening period. Keywords: sweet cherry, Karešova cultivar, harvest, fruit quality, rainfall, temperature Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 92-98 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4470-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4470-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4470-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Andersone Author-Workplace-Name: Fruitteeltcentrum, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: H. Wustenberghs Author-Workplace-Name: Fruitteeltcentrum, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: N.C. Cook Author-Workplace-Name: Fruitteeltcentrum, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: J. Keulemans Author-Workplace-Name: Fruitteeltcentrum, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Title: Effect of infection by viruses on vegetative and reproductive growth of sweet cherry on Damil and Inmil rootstocks Abstract: The effect of infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Prune dwarf virus (PDV) on vegetative and reproductive growth of sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) was investigated. Infected trees were smaller and the growth reduction was more severe in Lapins than in Sam; when trees were infected in the nursery (early) compared to an infection two years later in the orchard; and when trees were grafted on the dwarfing Inmil rootstock compared to the more vigorous Damil. Tree mortality after establishment in the orchard was not a problem and only one virus infected tree died during the 5-year observation period. Reduced vigour was accompanied by increased blind wood formation. While the infected trees had a higher generative spur density the total number of generative spurs per tree was less than in the virus free controls, thus reducing yield. In addition the germination of pollen from infected trees was reduced. In general PNRSV has little or no significant influence on vegetative or reproductive behaviour, while PDV significantly reduced both characteristics. The combined infection had dramatic effects, especially on the dwarfing Inmil rootstock with the susceptible cv. Lapins. After four years in the orchard 10% of the initially virus free trees were infected by PDV and 48% by PNRSV. Keywords: cherries, viruses, Prunus avium L., Prune dwarf virus, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, tree growth, yields Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 99-104 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4471-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4471-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4471-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Z. Vachůn Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Faculty of Horticulture, Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic Title: Production weight and its variability in 24 apricot genotypes over six years Abstract: Productivity and its stability were evaluated in a set of 24 apricot genotypes of the world collection and some promising new selections in 1994-1999. The productivity of most genotypes was higher than that of control variety Velkopavlovická LE-6/2. Genotypes with higher productivity in the years favorable for apricot productivity gave higher yields also in the years unfavorable for productivity. It was proved by a significantly close highly significant correlation (r = 0.64++). It is a reason for the necessary regulation of fruit set in highest-yielding varieties in the years favorable for apricot productivity when overproduction and undesirable reduction in the fruit size occur. The variability of yields in kg per tree, expressed by coefficients of variation over a six-year period, was high in the years of observation. The variability of yields was significantly lower in the years favorable for apricot productivity. To express yield variability the coefficient of variation and index of fluctuation can be used. Their similar conclusiveness was proved by the significant positive closeness of correlation between the values determined by both calculations (r = 0.51+). The varieties Vynoslivyj and Volšebnyj showed the highest and most stable productivity. From the producer's and breeder's aspects, of these two the Vynoslivyj variety is one of the most remarkable genotypes of the evaluated set due to its fruit quality and late ripening. Keywords: apricot, genotypes, production weight and stability, variability of individual yields, coefficient of variation, index of yield fluctuations, correlations between years Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 105-113 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4472-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4472-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4472-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Pokluda Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Faculty of Horticulture, Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Kuben Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Faculty of Horticulture, Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic Title: Comparison of selected Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla L.) varieties Abstract: Evaluation of 12 Swiss chard varieties (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla L.) in field experiments was focused on the observation of morphological characteristics, yield and nutritional quality of leaves and stalks. The following mean parameters of all varieties were found: 86% field germination, plant weight 346 g, plant height 506 mm, stalk width 23 mm, 10 leaves per plant, and yield 35 t/ha. Mean content of vitamin C was 307 and 72 mg/kg of fresh matter (f.m.) in leaves and stalks, respectively. Potassium content was 4,198 and 4,848 mg, sodium amount was 2,101 and 966 mg, calcium content was 481 and 310 mg and finally magnesium content represented the levels of 361 and 113 mg/kg of f.m., always in leaves and stalks. Significant effects of plant height and plant leaf number on total plant weight were found. Plants with the mean weight of 400 g formed the widest stalks. In addition, a negative effect of higher yield on vitamin C and Ca stalk content was detected. An opposite effect was determined in Na and partially in Mg stalk content that simultaneously increased with higher yield levels. The variety Lucullus is still comparable with newer varieties such as Gator, Zürcher Gelber andCharlotte, which achieved good results among all tested varieties. Keywords: Swiss chard, assortment, evaluation, yield, nutritional quality Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 114-118 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4473-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4473-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4473-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Jankovský Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: T. Landa Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Genus Hyssopus L. - recent knowledge: A review Abstract: The genus Hyssopus L. - the hyssop is a source of volatile oil whose constituents are sesquiterpene alcohols, many terpene carbonyl compounds and some acids. As documented by the cited data, volatile oil composition depends not only on the species but also on the variety, date of drug harvest and many external factors including the quality of plant nutrition. The paper summarizes the knowledge of literary sources published over ca. the last twenty years that dealt with the hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.); the aim is to stimulate the search for other possibilities of application of hyssop volatile oil in ecological agriculture and alternative or official medicine. Keywords: Hyssopus L., volatile oil, isolation, composition, efficiency, other Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 119-123 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4474-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4474-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-200203-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:29:y:2002:i:3:id:4474-HORTSCI