Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alireza Rahemi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Virginia, USA Author-Name: Helen Fisher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Author-Name: Kathryn Carter Author-Workplace-Name: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada Author-Name: Toktam Taghavi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Virginia, USA Title: Mitigating grapevine winter damage in cold climate areas Abstract: Growing grapes in cool climate areas is the same front type challenging due to the high risk of winter injury. Passive and active methods can be used to reduce or prevent cold damage and protect the vineyards. Passive protection methods are generally cultural practices and performed before cold damage events, such as cultivar and rootstock selection. The proper scion-rootstock combination would ideally help the vines acclimate earlier in the fall, allowing them to withstand colder weather in the fall and winter and de-acclimate later in the spring to minimise the late spring frost damage. The introduction of new North American hybrid cultivars accompanied with other cultural practices has increased the hope for developing viticulture in areas with lower cold hardiness zones. Furthermore, active protection methods are usually performed at the time of cold damage events to protect the vineyard by preventing or reducing the loss of thermal energy from vine tissues. The objective of this manuscript is to review the viticulture challenges in cold climates and mitigate the risks with Ontario, Canada as an example of a cold climate area. Keywords: grapes, cold hardiness, cold climate, winter damage, acclimation, dormancy, de-acclimation Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 59-70 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/176/2020-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/176/2020-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:176-2020-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xuhong Zhou Author-Name: Xiaomi Yang Author-Name: Ruifen Sun Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China Author-Name: Junliang Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China Author-Name: Yu Mao Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China Author-Name: Guanhua Cao Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China Author-Name: Miaomiao Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China Title: Identification of chemical components in Dianthus determined by widely targeted metabolomics Abstract: The chemical composition of the secondary metabolites is of great significance to the quality control of agricultural products. The genus Dianthus is famous for its beautiful flowers in the cut flower trade and also used in the traditional Chinese medicinal system and food market. However, the chemical composition in Dianthus is still unknown. The current study examined the levels of different metabolites of the flowers in Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus chinensis and Dianthus superbus via the use of the widely targeted metabolomic strategy. We obtained the structure and content of 423 metabolites in Dianthus, which included the primary and secondary metabolites. The principal component analysis was able to clearly seperate Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus chinensis and Dianthus superbus based on the flower metabolites. The differential metabolites can be categorised into 11 different classes, the majority were flavonoids, amino acids and their derivatives, phenolic acids and lipids. The results of this study provide important information for the effective use of Dianthus flowers in edible, medicinal and therapeutic aspects. Keywords: bioactive compounds, edible flowers, Dianthus, LC-MS, phytochemistry Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 71-77 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/27/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/27/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:27-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Kowalczyk Author-Name: Monika Bieniasz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Agricultural University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland Author-Name: Jan Błaszczyk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Agricultural University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland Author-Name: Przemysław Banach Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Agricultural University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland Title: The effect of rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of hybrid grape varieties in cold climate condition Abstract: Viniculture in colder countries requires the use of rootstocks adapted to the climatic and soil conditions, which influence the essential characteristics of the vine yield in terms of the physiological and morphological features. The current study was carried out in 2015-2018 in southern Poland to examine the impact of the '5BB', '125AA', '101-14M', 'SO4' and 'Börner' rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of three grape varieties: 'Seyval Blanc', 'Johanniter' and 'Solaris'. The following biometric parameters were compared: the increment in the trunk cross-sectional area, number of inflorescences on the vine, total yield, mean weight of a cluster and chemical parameters, such as the total soluble solid (TSS) content and grape titratable acidity (TA). The cluster weight of the individual varieties was also assessed in eight categories by weight (0-700 g). The results showed that 'Solaris' and 'Johanniter' grafted onto 'Börner' and 'Seyval Blanc' onto '5BB' had significantly increased trunk diameters. For the 'Solaris' cultivar, the 'Börner' rootstock increased the TSS volume by 8.2%. In the 'Seyval Blanc' cultivar, '125AA' and 'Börner' reduced the TSS content and increased the content of TA in the berries. In the 'Johanniter' cultivar, the 'Börner' rootstock led to an increase in the TSS content with a concomitant increase in the TA. Keywords: berry quality, grape ripeness, strength of growth, TA, TSS, grape size Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 78-88 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/58/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/58/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:58-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hüsnü Demirsoy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Author-Name: Leyla Demirsoy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Author-Name: Gregory A. Lang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Title: Research on spring frost damage in cherries Abstract: A frost occurred in spring following high temperatures in Michigan in 2007. It caused important crop losses. In this study, the damage the frost had on the flower buds of some cherry cultivars on 'Gisela 5' at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC) and different cherry scion/rootstock combinations at the Clarksville Horticultural Experiment Station (CHES) were determined. In cherries, the frost damage at SWMREC varied from 26.7% to 99.3% depending on the cherry cultivar while it varied from 41.9 to 99.3% at CHES depending on the cherry combinations. 'Rainier/Gisela 6' at CHES and 'NY119' at SWMREC were promising. The bud development stage during the freeze, the cultivar, the rootstock, the ages of the trees and the low temperature level were effective in the spring frost resistance. Keywords: runus avium L., low temperature, variety, rootstock, bud development stage Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 89-94 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/91/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/91/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:91-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margareta Corneanu Author-Workplace-Name: Department Plant Breeding, Fruit Growing Research Station, Iasi, Romania Author-Name: Elena Iurea Author-Name: Sorina Sîrbu Author-Workplace-Name: Department Plant Breeding, Fruit Growing Research Station, Iasi, Romania Title: Romanian wild cherry genotypes (Prunus avium var. sylvestris Ser.) suitable for processing Abstract: This paper presents the important features of indigenous wild cherry genotypes suitable for processing. The research took place between 2017-2020, having ten Romanian wild cherry genotypes as study material. The harvesting maturity was recorded in the first decade of June for the early cultivar (G10) and decades two and three of June for the other studied genotypes, all of them with a middle season maturation. The number of days between the end of the flowering and the maturation was between 54 days (G10) and 66 days (G9). The average weight of the fruit and the equatorial diameter varied between 2.1 g and 13.80 mm for G4, respectively, and 5.5 g and 21.35 mm for G10. The proportion (%) between the pulp and waste (stone and peduncle) was measured as 81.95% pulp (G4) and 93.64% pulp (G10). The values of the soluble dry substance content were between 13.1-24.0 °Brix, the titratable acidity was between 0.48-1.16 mg malic acid/100 mL juice and the total content of the polyphenols was between 229.00-720.00 mg GAE/100 mL fresh juice. In terms of the bitter taste intensity, G10 has a weak intensity, G3, G7, G8 and G9 have an average intensity and G1, G3, G4, G5 and G6 have a high intensity. Keywords: fruit, jam, liquors, polyphenols, taste Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 95-101 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/73/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/73/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:73-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiwei Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department of Xinjiang, Collage of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Industry Technology in Arid Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Cuifang Zhang Author-Name: Cunde Pan Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department of Xinjiang, Collage of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Industry Technology in Arid Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Shanchao Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department of Xinjiang, Collage of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Industry Technology in Arid Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China Title: Analysis of walnut fruit quality based on source-sink relationships Abstract: In the paper, we investigate the relationship between the walnut fruit quality and the leaf-to-fruit ratio (LFR). The LFR had a significant effect on the physical quality of walnuts (P < 0.05), and the fruit volume, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, nut dry weight and kernel dry weight increased with an increasing LFR. However, the LFR had no significant effect on the crude protein and crude fat kernel contents (P > 0.05). The number of cells per unit area and the cross-sectional area of the green husk cells with 5L:1F were significantly higher than those with 1L:3F and 2L:3F (P < 0.05). The number of cells per unit area of the kernel with 1L:3F and 2L:3F was significantly higher than that with the other LFRs (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the NDW between the natural and girdled fruit-bearing shoots with 2L:1F (P > 0.05). We concluded that the high carbohydrate availability with the high LFR augmented the fruit size by increasing the number of cells in the green husk and kernels. There was no change in the crude protein and crude fat contents in the kernels, possibly due to the proportion of the sugar to the fat distribution not affected by the LFR. Two leaves with good light were necessary to ensure the normal growth and development of one walnut fruit on girdled fruit-bearing shoots. Keywords: Juglans regia, leaf-to-fruit ratio, nut, crude fat, physical quality Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 102-108 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/93/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/93/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:93-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erma Prihastanti Author-Name: Sri Haryanti Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Title: The combination of plant growth regulators (GA3 and Gracilaria sp. extract) and several fertilisers in Salak Pondoh fruit production Abstract: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and proper fertilisers are used to increase quality of the Salak Pondoh, such as in the plant production, fruit number and size. This study aims to determine the type and dosage of PGRs and the best type of fertiliser to increase the production bunch and fruit of Salak Pondoh. The method used was a Factorial Completely Randomised Design (FCRD) with 36 treatments (excluding the control) and 3 replications. Three treatments were conducted: first, as a control, no PGR treatment + fertilisation (no fertilisation, manure, and NPK). Second, a 3 × 3 factorial scheme. Treatment of PGR GA3 (50, 100, 150 ppm) + fertilisation (no fertilisation, manure, and NPK). Third, a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme was used. Treatment of PGR Gracilaria sp. extract (50, 100, 150 ppm) with different solvents (n-Hexane, methylene-chloride, ethanol) + fertilisation (no fertilisation, manure, and NPK). The parameters observed were the number length, area of the bunch, length and area of the fruit. The results showed the highest number of bunches was found in PGR GA3 50 ppm. While, the highest bunch area was found in PGR Gracilaria sp. ethanol 150 ppm. The PGRs only increased the formation of the bunches and did not increase the length and width of the bunches and the fruit size. Fertilisation affected the Salak production in the form of the number, length and width of the bunches, and the fruit size. In addition, the fertiliser increased the number of the bunches, bunch area, and length and area of the fruit. The interaction of the PGR and fertilisation had no significant effect on increasing the Salak Pondoh production. The best result in increasing the Salak Pondoh production was PGR Gracilaria sp. ethanol 100 ppm with manure fertilisation. Keywords: bunch, ethanol, manure, Salacca edulis Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 109-116 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/102/2021-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/102/2021-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:102-2021-HORTSCI Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yujuan Lei Author-Workplace-Name: College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Hebei Yanshan Agricultural Characteristic Industry Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China Author-Name: Zhansheng Ma Author-Workplace-Name: College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China Author-Name: Pengbao Shi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China Author-Name: Yuxia Sun Author-Workplace-Name: Shandong Academy of Grape/Winegrape and Wine Technological Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, P.R. China Author-Name: Ping Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Food Engineering, Shihezi University, Shi Hezi, P.R. China Author-Name: Xueqiang Guan Author-Workplace-Name: Shandong Academy of Grape/Winegrape and Wine Technological Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, P.R. China Title: The effect of defoliation on the 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine biosynthesis in wine grapes Abstract: Field studies were conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' to evaluate the effects of the defoliation time (pre- and post-flowering and veraison) and severity on the 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) concentration and expression levels of the key related genes in grape berries. The IBMP concentration in the grapes decreased significantly at harvest after all the defoliation treatments. The earlier and heavier the defoliation treatment, the lower the IBMP concentration. The relative expression level of VvOMT3 in the berry skin was closely positively correlated with the IBMP accumulation in all the treatments. Early defoliation coupled with a 1-week delay in the harvest time may be an effective management strategy to control the IBMP concentration in grapes. Keywords: defoliation, 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, biosynthesis Journal: Horticultural Science Pages: 117-120 Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/70/2020-HORTSCI File-URL: http://hortsci.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/70/2020-HORTSCI.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/hor-202202-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlhor:v:49:y:2022:i:2:id:70-2020-HORTSCI