Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Efrat Glick Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Author-Workplace-Name: The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Author-Name: Yael Levy Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Author-Name: Yedidya Gafni Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Title: The viral etiology of tomato yellow leaf curl disease - a review Abstract: Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. As a result of its continuing rapid spread, it now afflicts more than 30 tomato growing countries in the Mediterranean basin, southern Asia, Africa, and South, Central and North America. The disease is caused by a group of viral species of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae (geminiviruses), referred to as Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). These are transmitted by an insect vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, classified in the family Aleyrodidae. The genome of TYLCV generally consists of a single circular single-stranded (ss) DNA molecule, with only one exception in which two components were identified. It encodes six open reading frames, only one of which codes for the coat protein (CP) that represents a building block of the viral particle. TYLCV, like all other members of the Geminiviridae, has geminate particles, apparently consisting of two incomplete T = 1 icosahedra joined together to produce a structure with 22 pentameric capsomers and 110 identical CP subunits. Close to 50 years of intensive research into TYLCV epidemics has been conducted to find solutions to the severe problem caused by this virus. To date, breeding for resistance appears to be the best approach to controlling this disease, although only partially resistant varieties are commercially available. Since the virus consists of a ssDNA that replicates in the host-cell nucleus, the molecular mechanisms involved in its nuclear import have been the focus of our studies in recent years and results, as well as prospects, are discussed in this review. In addition, we describe our recent finding of a suppressor of gene silencing encoded by one of the TYLCV-Isr genes. This paper provides an overview of the most outstanding achievements in TYLCV research that may lead to more effective control strategies. Keywords: TYLCV, tomato, geminivirus, ssDNA, whitefly, PTGS Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 81-97 Volume: 45 Issue: 3 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/26/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/26/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200903-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:3:id:26-2009-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mahmoud Farag Mahmoud Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt Title: Pathogenicity of three commercial products of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizum anisopilae and Lecanicillium lecanii against adults of olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory Abstract: The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizum anisopilae and Lecanicillium lecanii, was evaluated against adults of the olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) under laboratory conditions by two ways, contact bioassays and oral bioassays. The results showed that oral bioassays caused higher mortality after four treatments than the used contact bioassays. Moreover, the virulence ofL. lecanii was higher than the virulence of B. bassiana and M. anisopilae in both ways of experiment. Lethal time (LT50) was shorter in oral bioassays than in contact bioassays in all treatments. It was 14.67, 8.30 and 5.43 days for B. bassiana, M. anisopilae and L. lecanii with oral treatment while it was 16.6, 26.07 and 12.59 days for B. bassiana, M. anisopilae and L. lecanii, respectively, with contact treatment. The slope values were 2.41, 2.55 and 2.37 for contact bioassays and 1.64, 1.69 and 1.61 for oral bioassays of B. bassiana, M. anisopilaeand L. lecanii, respectively. The mortality response to the interaction between B. bassiana and M. anisopilae was synergistic while the interaction between B. bassiana + L. lecanii and M. anisopilae + L. lecanii showed an antagonistic response. Keywords: Bactrocera oleae, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizum anisopilae, Lecanicillium lecanii, pathogenicity Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 98-102 Volume: 45 Issue: 3 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/34/2008-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/34/2008-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200903-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:3:id:34-2008-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek Seidenglanz Author-Workplace-Name: Services Ltd., Department of Plant Protection, Šumperk, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jana Poslušná Author-Workplace-Name: Services Ltd., Department of Plant Protection, Šumperk, Czech Republic Author-Name: Eva Hrudová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: The importance of monitoring the Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus female flight activity for the timing of insecticidal treatment Abstract: The effects of two pyrethroids and one combination of organophosphate and pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin) on Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham, 1802) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were tested under field conditions in the Czech Republic in 2006-2008. Significant differences in the effects of the compared insecticides on C. pallidactylus were recorded in the particular years (2006, 2007, 2008). It was less important and somewhat less complicated to establish the most suitable time for spraying in the case of the chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin combination in comparison with the pyrethroids applied separately. The effectiveness of the tested insecticides was markedly influenced by the time of spraying. The effects of the pyrethroids applied singly achieved results comparable to those of the chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin combination only at the optimal spraying time. The most suitable time for spraying varied from the point when the first females appeared in yellow water traps in somewhat higher quantities to the time when a substantial proportion of caught females was able to lay eggs. Keywords: Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, cabbage stem weevil, winter oil-seed rape, alpha-cypermethrin, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin, insecticidal effect Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 103-112 Volume: 45 Issue: 3 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/37/2008-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/37/2008-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200903-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:3:id:37-2008-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zvonko PACANOSKI Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Agricultural Sciences and Food, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia Author-Name: Gordana GLATKOVA Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture, Skopje, R. Macedonia Title: The use of herbicides for weed control in direct wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rice production regions in the Republic of Macedonia Abstract: Field trials were conducted in the Agricultural Research Institute for Rice, at two localities during 2005 and 2006. The objective of the study was to establish an appropriate weed management strategy for the effective control of weed flora in direct wet-seeded rice. Herbicide selectivity and influence on grain yield were also evaluated. The weed population in the trials was composed of 8 and 5 weed species in Kočani and Probištip locality, respectively. The most prevailing weeds in both localities were:Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Heteranthea limosa. The average weediness for both years was 456.8 weed stems per m2 in Kočani locality and 589.0 weed stems per m2 in Probištip locality. In both localities all herbicides controlled Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Heteranthera limosa excellently except Mefenacet 53 WP. All applied herbicides showed high selectivity to rice, no visual injuries were determined at any rates in any year and locality. Herbicidal treatments in both localities significantly increased rice grain yield in comparison with untreated control. Keywords: rice, herbicides, weed control, yield Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 113-118 Volume: 45 Issue: 3 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/4/2008-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4/2008-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200903-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:3:id:4-2008-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ján Kollár Author-Workplace-Name: Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Pavel Hrubík Author-Workplace-Name: Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Silvia Tkáčová Author-Workplace-Name: Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Title: Monitoring of harmful insect species in urban conditions in selected model areas of Slovakia Abstract: Research was carried out in 7 model urban areas of Slovakia (Nitra, Topoľčany, Komárno, Partizánske, Piešťany, Prievidza, Trnava) in 2005-2006. Research was aimed at phytophagous insects damaging allochthonous and autochthonous ornamental woody plants, growing in the urban environment. Because of the importance of alien (introduced) species in this country, we were also interested in this problem. Field research was realized minimally three times per vegetation period. We collected samples of damage symptoms, adult samples or larval samples. In total, we recorded 409 species and 5 varieties of phytophagous insects in the examined areas. From that number the orderLepidoptera accounted for the highest percentage (29.25%). We recorded 52 species of alien insects. During the research period we recorded 9 new alien species for Slovakia in the model areas. Keywords: pest, ornamental woody plant, alien species Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 119-124 Volume: 45 Issue: 3 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/4/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200903-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:3:id:4-2009-PPS