Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: editors Title: Index of Volume 45 (2009), Authors Index, Authors Institution Index, List of Reviewers, Subject Index Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: I-X Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1345-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1345-PPS.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:1345-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raymond D. Martyn Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Title: Where will the next Norman Borlaug come from? A U.S. perspective of plant pathology education and research. Abstract: Plant diseases can be traced back almost as far as recorded history. Numerous ancient writings describe plagues and blasts destroying crops and modern civilization still faces many plant disease challenges. Plant pathology has its roots in botany and notable scientists such as Tillet, Prevost, and deBary already had concluded microscopic organisms could cause plant diseases before Robert Koch established the rules of proof of pathogenicity with sheep anthrax. Plant pathologists can be credited with helping improve crop yields and food production throughout the world. However, at a time when there are increasing challenges to crop production, some that potentially may increase the severity or distribution of plant diseases, the training of future plant pathologists appears to be declining, at least in the United States. The ability of the U.S. Land Grant University (USLGU) system to attract and train future generations of plant pathologists may be at risk. Recent data from university plant pathology departments collected by The American Phytopathological Society (APS) documents a decline in the number of students completing advanced degrees in plant pathology, departments with fewer faculty with a diverse expertise in applied plant pathology, fewer stand-alone, single discipline departments of plant pathology, a reduced ability of many departments to offer specific curricular aspects of plant pathology, and a demographic profile that casts an ominous prediction for an unusually large number of faculty retirements over the next decade. The impact of these factors could be a shortage of highly skilled, applied plant pathologists in the U.S. in coming years. The affect also may be felt globally as fewer international students may receive pre-doctoral and post-doctoral training in plant pathology in the U.S. as faculty retire and are not replaced. On the other hand, this likely will create greater opportunities for universities around the world to take leadership in many aspects of plant pathology education. While a decline in students and young faculty trained in applied and field-level specialties of plant pathology (mycology, bacteriology, plant nematology, forest pathology, epidemiology, etc.) is occurring, those trained in the cellular and molecular host-pathogen interactions specialties appear to be increasing. Many plant pathology faculty hired at USLGUs in the last decade are trained in molecular biology and received their Ph.D. degree in a field other than plant pathology. They are now applying those skills to research numerous aspects of host-pathogen interactions of model pathosystems. A shift to a greater research emphasis on molecular host-pathogen interactions over the last decade is evidenced by the number of research articles published in the three APS journals; Plant Disease, Phytopathology and Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (MPMI). From 1985 to 2007, there has been a decline in the number of articles published in Plant Disease (-29%) and Phytopathology (-36%) and a steady increase in those published in MPMI since its inception in 1990 (+111%). With new research tools come new research questions. The tools of molecular biology have allowed us to look deeper into questions than ever before and provided us with a perspective not before seen. As we dissect and decode the genomes of the world's most notorious plant pathogens we get closer and closer to alleviating the global losses and human suffering caused by plant diseases. New "designer crops" with engineered traits for drought and cold tolerance, pest resistance, increased levels of micronutrients, healthier oils such as omega fatty acids, and plant-derived pharmaceuticals are all on the horizon. Research in the future likely will focus on new problems, traditionally seen as outside the discipline of plant pathology. The impact of climate change on plant diseases will be significant. As many parts of the world become warmer and drier some plant diseases likely will increase in severity. Pathogens are likely to migrate and survive in more northern latitudes greatly expanding their range and diseases exacerbated by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity will increase. Plant pathology will continue to evolve as a multidisciplinary science. These changes will open up many new research opportunities. Plant pathology will play a bigger role in global food security. Research into the molecular and cellular interactions of symbiotic and endophytic organisms will help provide answers to food-borne illnesses caused by E. coli and Salmonella and how these and other human pathogens become established in plants in the field. Plant pathologists will team up with biomedical and aeronautical engineers, nanotechnologists, and computer scientists to develop microsensory technology to detect the introduction and spread of pathogens for biosecurity, diagnostics and epidemiological modeling purposes. Traditional areas of plant disease management and the use of biologicals for disease control also will benefit from a better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes and the similarity of virulence mechanisms and pathogen effectors between plant, insect, and vertebrate pathogens likely will bring new insights into human diseases. And last, but not least, there likely will be a resurgence in plant disease management and epidemiological research as the world's dependence on biofuels increases and results in new diseases on intensively cultivated plant species used for biomass production. Keywords: the American Phytopathological Society - APS, U.S. Land Grant University, plant pathology education, applied plant pathology, future of plant pathology Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 125-139 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/22/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/22/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:22-2009-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shesh Kumari Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Virology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Detection of Cherry leaf roll virus and Strawberry latent ring spot virus by one-step RT-PCR Abstract: A one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol was developed and used for the detection of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) and Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV). The protocol was used to test infected screen house plants and also plants from orchards and vineyards where the vector (Xiphinema diversicaudatum) of SLRSV was detected from the soil. The one-step RT-PCR protocol is rapid and sensitive and has the potential to be used for the diagnosis of CLRV and SLRSV in routine diagnostic laboratories. Keywords: CLRV, SLRSV, RT-PCR, Xiphinema diversicaudatum Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 140-143 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/3/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:3-2009-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Polák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Virology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Komínek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Virology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Distribution of Plum pox virus strains in natural sources in the Czech Republic Abstract: The distribution of Plum pox virus (PPV) strains, PPV-D, PPV-M and PPV-Rec, was investigated in the Czech Republic in 2005-2008. Fifty-two to ninety-four samples of flowers or leaves of plum, myrobalan and blackthorn trees from different regions were tested in individual years. The presence of PPV was detected by DAS-ELISA with serotype-specific polyclonal antibodies. PPV-M was proved by DASI-ELISA with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies; PPV-D, PPV-M and PPV-Rec were detected by RT-PCR in leaf samples from PPV infected trees. The presence of PPV-D ranged from 94.6% to 100%, the presence of PPV-M from 0.0% to 2.3% and the presence of PPV-Rec from 0.0% to 3.1% during 2005-2008. More than 95% of analysed samples of PPV were infected with PPV-D and less than 2.5% of analysed samples of PPV were infected with PPV-M or PPV-Rec. The presence of PPV-C was not proved in sweet cherry and sour cherry trees. The presence of PPV-EA was not proved in apricot trees. Keywords: Plum pox virus, blackthorn, myrobalan, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, apricot, PPV-D, PPV-M, PPV-Rec, PPV-C, PPV-EA Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 144-147 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/31/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/31/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:31-2009-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalista H. Peter Author-Workplace-Name: Dodoma University, Dodoma, Tanzania Author-Name: George B. Swella Author-Workplace-Name: Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania Author-Name: Deus M. K. Mushobozy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania Title: Effect of plant populations on the incidence of bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia spp.) in common bean intercropped with maize Abstract: Effects of three intercrop combinations and plant populations on bean stem maggot Ophiomyia phaseoli; O. spencerella and O. centrosematis was observed; with the latter being reported in Morogoro for the first time. The infestation was higher in the pure stands of beans than in the intercrops and decreased gradually down to two-thirds maize. The incidence of Ophiomyia spp. decreased with increasing plant populations. Low counts of larvae and pupae were recorded in intercrops. Stem damage was higher in pure bean plots, which also had higher larvae and pupae counts. The intercrop combinations gave a yield advantage at all plant populations except at population P3 for one - third maize two thirds bean mixture. The highest yield advantage was obtained at P2 for two thirds maize - one third beans treatment suggesting it to be the optimum combination for the two crops. It is concluded that a combination of BMM (one third bean-two thirds maize) at plant population P2 may be considered as one of the Ophiomyia spp. management strategy in common bean. Keywords: Ophiomyia, pests, species, damage, yield advantage Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 149-155 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/19/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/19/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:19-2009-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jindra Štolcová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Entomology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Feeding preferences of Phyllotreta herbivores to winter rape and chosen weeds Abstract: In model experiments with leaf disks from Brassica napus L. subsp. napus and Thlaspi arvense L. and Sinapis arvensis L. in spring periods (May-June) of 2006-2007 feeding preferences of Phyllotreta herbivores to the above-mentioned crop and two common weeds were investigated. In seedlings of identical ontogenetic stages insignificantly higher feeding injuries were recorded in B. napus. Between the two monitored weeds insignificantly higher herbivory was found in S. arvensis compared to T. arvense. In a comparison of older crop and younger weeds and vice versa, flea beetles significantly preferred the four-leaf seedling stage to the cotyledon seedling stage irrespective of the monitored plant species. Though generally in feeding preference of flea beetles a general drift B. napus > S. arvensis > T. arvensis was recorded, the sequence of leaves also played its role under conditions of this experiment. Keywords: feeding preference, crop, weeds, Brassicaceae, herbivory, Phyllotreta spp., model experiments Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 156-160 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/40/2008-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/40/2008-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:40-2008-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roman Pavela Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Entomology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Effectiveness of some botanical insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduvala (Lepidoptera: Noctudiae), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) Abstract: Biological efficiency of botanical insecticides was determined that were obtained from Pongamia glabra, Azadirachta indica and Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium against Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse plants. In all the tested extracts, the highest concentration caused 100% mortality. In the other tested concentrations, a conclusive difference in efficiency was found; on day 12 after application, the highest efficiency was determined for M. persicae pongam oil, for T. urticae and S. littoralis neem oil. Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, Tetranychus urticae, botanical insecticides, Azadirachta indica, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Pongamia glabra Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 161-167 Volume: 45 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/16/2009-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/16/2009-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200904-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:4:id:16-2009-PPS