Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Pokorný Author-Name: A. Lebeda Title: Foreword Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S1-S2 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2830-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2830-PPS.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2830-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zdeněk Žalud Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Trnka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martin Dubrovský Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Hlavinka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Daniela Semerádová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Eva Kocmánková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Climate change impacts on selected aspects of the Czech agricultural production Abstract: The article outlines the relationship between meteorological variables and the parts of an agroecosystem which might be significantly influenced by climate change in the Czech Republic. It describes the most often applied scenarios under which projections of changes in meteorological variables up to the year 2050 and their impacts on winter wheat and spring barley yields can be made. It outlines the probable impacts of drought as the most significant hydrometeorological extreme in field production. Finally, case-studies are presented of predicted changes in occurrence of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and predicted changes location and area of zones suitable for the production of different crops. Keywords: climate change, global climate models, drought, pest, decrease, crop yield Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S11-S19 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2833-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2833-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2833-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Polák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Virology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Influence of climate changes in the Czech Republic on the distribution of plant viruses and phytoplasmas originally from the mediterranean subtropical region Abstract: Results of research aiming at monitoring of climate changes impact on plant pathogens distribution such as Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), quarantine Plum pox virus (PPV) and quarantine phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) are presented here. ZYMV has spread from Northern Italy across Austria up to Central Moravia and Bohemia. PPV has been continuously spreading from the lowlands of Central Bohemia and Moravia up to plains. Later, from the sixties and seventies of the last century, due to climate warming and human activities the virus quickly spread to uplands, foothills and mountains of the Czech Republic. Phytoplasma ESFY was spreading in a manner similar to ZYMV in the eighties of the twentieth century from Northern Italy and currently is affecting mainly apricot and peach trees in Southern Moravia. Keywords: plant viruses, phytoplasma, ZYMV, PPV, ESFY, spreading, climate changes, Czech Republic Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S20-S26 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2806-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2806-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2806-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Václav Kůdela Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Bacteriology, Division of Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Potential impact of climate change on geographic distribution of plant pathogenic bacteria in Central Europe Abstract: This review provides an overview of variety of bacterial plant pathogens which can serve as an example of how plant pathogenic bacteria can adapt very specifically to anticipated climate change in Central Europe. In the centre of attention are the themes such as: emerging of heat-loving bacteria; changes in the spectrum of pectolytic bacteria; an decrease of the frequency of occurrence of cold tolerant pseudomonads and an increase of more thermophilic xanthomonads; increased risk of xylem-limited bacteria which overwinter in insect vectors; reduced risk of damage of stone fruit trees by ice nucleation active pseudomonads and subsequent winter freeze temperatures. Of plant pathogenic prokaryotes, mollicutes and phloem-limited bacteria are not discussed in this review. Keywords: climate variability, phytobacterial pathogens, bacterial diseases of plants, changes in geographical distribution, Central Europe Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S27-S32 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2832-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2832-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2832-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Warren Shaw Author-Workplace-Name: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK Title: Preparing for changes in plant disease due to climate change Abstract: Climate change will change patterns of disease through changes in host distribution and phenology, changes in plant-associated microflora and direct biological effects on rapidly evolving pathogens. Short-term forecast models coupled with weather generated from climate simulations may be a basis for projection; however, they will often fail to capture long-term trends effectively. Verification of predictions is a major difficulty; the most convincing method would be to "back-forecast" observed historical changes. Unfortunately, we lack of empirical data over long time-spans; most of what is known concerns invasions, in which climate is not the main driving factor. In one case where long-term prevalence can be deduced, climate had little to do with change. Resilience to surprises should be the most important policy aim. Keywords: climate change, population dynamics, plant disease forecasting, modelling, mutation Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S3-S10 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2831-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2831-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2831-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Váňová Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Kroměříž, Czech Republic Author-Name: Karel Klem Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Kroměříž, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Matušinský Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Kroměříž, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Trnka Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Prediction model for deoxynivalenol in wheat grain based on weather conditions Abstract: Environmental factors influence the growth, survival, dissemination and hence the incidence of Fusarium fungi and the disease severity. The knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative effects of environmental factors and growing practices on initial infection, disease development and mycotoxin production is important for prediction of disease severity, yield impact and grain contamination with mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to design a model for prediction of deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat grain based on weather conditions, preceding crop and soil cultivation. The grain samples from winter wheat field experiments conducted in 2002-2005 to determine the effect of preceding crop in combination with soil cultivation on Fusarium head blight infection were analysed for the DON content. Average daily weather data (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) were collected using an automated meteorological station and analysed separately for April, May and a 5 days period prior to the beginning of flowering and 5 days after the beginning of flowering. The correlation coefficients of DON content to weather data were calculated for monthly data prior to heading and 5 days data prior to and after the beginning of anthesis. Highest positive correlation coefficients were found for sum of precipitation in April, average temperature in April, and sum of precipitation 5 days prior to anthesis. Significant negative correlation was found for average temperature in May and average relative humidity 5 days prior to anthesis. Using the data from this experiment, we trained neural networks for prediction of deoxynivalenol content on the basis of weather data and preceding crop. The most appropriate neural network model was then coupled with AgriClim model to simulate spatial and temporal variation of DON content in wheat samples for south Moravia and north-east Austria area. Keywords: prediction model, mycotoxin DON, winter wheat, weather conditions Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S33-S37 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2834-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2834-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2834-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Veronika Dumalasová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Breeding Methods, Division of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Product Quality, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Bartoš Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Breeding Methods, Division of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Product Quality, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Will climatic changes enhance the risk of Tilletia indica in Europe? Abstract: The losses caused by T. indica consist mainly in losses of export markets, in costs of quarantine precautions, control and treatment of the infected grain. These reasons were satisfactory for implementation of plant quarantine precautions against T. indica in the countries of the European Union. However, all the known records of T. indica from the field fall to regions of arid or semiarid climate with mild to cold winter and a hot summer, altogether with a small amount of rainfall. At present, the important requirement of critical amount of the viable nongerminated teliospores at the time period suitable for infection and suitable weather conditions at the same period (namely before wheat flowering) is not accomplished in Europe. Conditions necessary for the establishment of T. indica in Europe are discussed. Keywords: Tilletia indica, Karnal bunt, wheat, environmental factors, quarantine pest Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S38-S40 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2836-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2836-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2836-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleš Lebeda Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Author-Name: Božena Sedláková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Author-Name: Eva Křístková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Author-Name: Miroslav Vysoudil Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic Title: Long-lasting changes in the species spectrum of cucurbit powdery mildew in the Czech Republic - influence of air temperature changes or random effect? Abstract: Two ectoparasite powdery mildew species Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc) and Podosphaera xanthii (Px) occurring on cucurbits differ, besides other characteristics, by specific ecologic requirements. While Px is common in subtropical and tropical areas and greenhouse crops, Gc occurs more frequently in temperate and cooler areas under field conditions. Their presence on cucurbit field crops (Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, Cucumis sativus) was monitored in the Czechoslovakia (1979-1980) and in the Czech Republic (1995-2007). Their identification was carried out by microscopic observation of the morphological characteristics of the dry conidia on 1527 leaf samples. Data on air temperature in 1979-2007 were provided by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. In 1979-1980 Gc was identified in 86.0% of samples, Px in 14.0% samples, there was no mixed infection; prevalence of Px was recorded in South Slovakia and South Moravia, and on crops under cover. Since 1995 species Px was recorded each year on field crops in different locations of Bohemia and Moravia, usually in mixed infection with Gc. The average year temperature of 8.1°C for period 1992-2007 was higher than corresponding value of 7.4°C in 1979-1983. Similarly, average temperature in vegetation season of 16.2°C in 1992-2007 was higher than corresponding value of 15.7°C in 1979-1983. The higher air temperature can positively influence spreading of Px in the Czech Republic. Climate variability and effect of their changes are discussed in relationship to the geographic distribution and geographic patterns of cucurbit powdery mildews. Keywords: Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Podosphaera xanthii, Cucurbitaceae, epidemiology, air temperature, geographic distribution Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S41-S47 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2807-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2807-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2807-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Kocmánková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Trnka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Juroch Author-Workplace-Name: State Phytosanitary Administration, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martin Dubrovský Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Daniela Semerádová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martin Možný Author-Workplace-Name: Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Doksany Observatory, Czech Republic Author-Name: Zdeněk Žalud Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Impact of climate change on the occurrence and activity of harmful organisms Abstract: Climate conditions exert a significant influence over the spreading, life cycle duration, infestation pressure and the overall occurrence of majority of agricultural pests and diseases. Recently there is paid a big attention to possible climate change and its impacts resulting the threat to the controlled agro ecosystems. In the context of actual climate change there is likely the shift in the occurrence of some pests and diseases and at the same time also the change of the spectrum of harmful organisms. Direct results of the effect of higher temperatures on the pests' lifecycle can involve the acceleration of pests' development due to the faster achieving of number of degree-days which can result the shift of pests to higher altitudes. There is likely the increase of the number of generations of some pests and higher population density in the consequence of prolonged growing season and the period favourable for reproduction. Changed conditions during the period of overwintering could be the determining factor for population dynamic of insect and fungi. Keywords: climate change impacts, pests, diseases, temperature, precipitation Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S48-S52 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2835-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2835-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2835-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zdeněk Laštůvka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Climate change and its possible influence on the occurrence and importance of insect pests Abstract: Insect pests, as widely tolerant and adaptable organisms, may be less distinctly affected by climate change than other insect species. The changing climate may affect the occurrence and impact of the native pests both negatively and positively (increased importance of thermophilous and xerophilous species and decreased importance of psychrophilous ones, noxious abundances of several species also in higher altitudes, decrease of many pests by frost-free winters, low humidity, weather extremes, increased numbers of antagonists, and phenological discrepancy with the host plant). Expansions of new pests into the territory of the Czech Republic, caused by climate change, will be very limited. A small number of greenhouse pests may be expected to occur in outdoor conditions. Increased temperatures may cause a slight increase of non-indigenous invasive insect species and migratory pests. In Central Europe the climate change will intensify the effects of other factors. In the next 20-50 years, the changes in species composition and importance of insect pests of plants will be caused by factors in the following order: (l) introductions of non-indigenous species, (2) new approaches in pest control, (3-4) changes in crop cultivation and representation of crops, (3-4) climate change, (5) other causes (unexpected shifts of ranges, changes in food preferences of insect species, etc.). Keywords: climate change, insect pests, Czech Republic Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S53-S62 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2829-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2829-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2829-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Mikulka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of of Herbology, Division of Agroecology, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Marta Korčáková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of of Herbology, Division of Agroecology, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Věra Burešová Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty od Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří Andr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Changes in weed species spectrum of perennial weeds on arable land, meadows and pastures Abstract: Occurrence of selected perennial weeds has been monitored at control sites across the Czech Republic since 1989, and trends of their occurrence have been evaluated. The monitoring has been aimed mainly at Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP, Sonchus arvensis L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Stachys palustris L., Bolboschoenus planiculmis, Bolboschoenus laticarpus, and Elytrigia repens (L.) NEV. on arable land and Taraxacum officinale L.A. on pastures and meadows. High increase in the frequency of occurrence of C. arvense and E. repens was found out in the mid-nineties while the infestation frequency with these two weeds decreased later on. The occurrence of infestation with the other perennial weeds Cirsium arvense, Elytrigia repens, Sonchus arvensis, Bolboschoenus planiculmis, Bolboschoenus laticarpus, Stachys palustris, Artemisia vulgaris and Taraxacum officinale L.A. slightly but continually increased. Keywords: expansion, perennial weeds Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: S63-S66 Volume: 45 Issue: SpecialIssue Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2805-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2805-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-200910-0011.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:45:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue:id:2805-PPS