Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: editors Title: Index of Volume 51 (2015) Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: I-IX Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/8470-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8470-PPS.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:8470-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andy LEADBEATER Author-Workplace-Name: Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland Title: Recent developments and challenges in chemical disease control - a review Abstract: The use of chemical fungicides to control plant diseases is an integral component of crop management. Although fungicides have been used to good effect in agriculture since the 1940s, the introduction of new fungicides is an essential element to provide sustained control of major crop diseases. The need for new and innovative fungicides is driven, among other factors, by resistance management, regulatory hurdles, and increasing customer expectations. New fungicides can be discovered either within established mode of action groups, ideally with low resistance risk (robust modes of action), or in areas with completely novel modes of action. Compounds having a novel mode of action are of course of special interest, since they play a key role in resistance management strategies, but equally important are new fungicides with enhanced characteristics such as systemicity, curativity, and longevity of disease control. With the background of increasing registration hurdles, increasing costs, and increasing market needs, the current market position of major crop protection fungicides needs to be reviewed, along with the consideration of current and future market needs. An analysis of the situation regarding new fungicidal compounds in late development or recently introduced to the market suggests that considerable innovation continues to be delivered in the chemical fungicide area. New modes of action are quite rare in some segments (major new fungicides are mainly SDHIs), but seem to be more frequently discovered for the control of oomycetes. Potential reasons for this are discussed. Keywords: fungicides, research and development, fungicide resistance, strobilurins, triazoles, carboximides Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 163-169 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/83/2015-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/83/2015-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:83-2015-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek W. HOLLOMON Author-Workplace-Name: Orchard House, Bristol, United Kingdom Title: Fungicide resistance: facing the challenge - a review Abstract: Fungicide resistance continues to generate disease control problems in many crops. Experience amassed over the past fifty years has emphasised the importance of diversity in modes of action in anti-resistance strategies. Because of losses, not only from resistance, but increasingly from environmental and health concerns, the number of modes of action has become dangerously small. This paper considers three challenges facing crop protection in the search for durable disease control systems. Greater understanding of the biochemistry surrounding fungal development and pathogenicity provides opportunities for the discovery and development of novel modes of action, and some recent advances in this area are discussed. To ensure sufficient resources available to take a novel discovery forward to a commercial product, a second challenge facing manufacturers involves early assessment of resistance risk. A third challenge facing researchers, manufacturers and growers requires translation of resistance risk into effective and durable disease control strategies in actual crops. At the core of this challenge is using resistance risk evidence obtained in laboratory and glasshouse studies using individual isolates of target pathogens, to evaluate the fitness cost of resistance in pathogen populations in field crops. Increasingly, management of resistance is seen as the integration of fungicides with non-chemical disease control methods. But success of any Integrated Disease Management (IDM) strategy ultimately depends on the ability of growers to maintain production and profitability. Keywords: disease control, mode of action, risk analysis, fitness cost Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 170-176 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/42/2015-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/42/2015-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:42-2015-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seyed Mahyar MIRMAJLESSI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Field Crops and Grassland Husbandry and Author-Name: Evelin LOIT Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Field Crops and Grassland Husbandry and Author-Name: Marika MÄND Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Author-Name: Seyed Mojtaba MANSOURIPOUR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA$2 Title: Real-time PCR applied to study on plant pathogens: potential applications in diagnosis - a review Abstract: Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) technique incorporates traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) efficiency with the production of a specific fluorescent signal, measuring the kinetics of the reaction in the early PCR phases and providing quantification of specific targets in various environmental samples. There are an increasing number of chemistries to detect PCR products, which are widely used in plant pathology as they cluster into the amplicon sequence non-specific and sequence-specific techniques. In this review, we illustrate a general description of major chemistries and discuss some considerations for assay development as it applies for a wide range of applications in epidemiological studies. The technique has become the gold standard for early detection of pathogens and a fundamental tool in the research laboratory. Keywords: bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, phytoplasmas, viroids, viruses, plants, quantification, polymerase chain reaction, qPCR chemistries Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 177-190 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/104/2014-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/104/2014-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:104-2014-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Václav STEJSKAL Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Alois HONĚK Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Is species diversity of various crop "pest taxa" proportionate to efforts paid to their research? A scientometric analysis in the Czech Republic - short note Abstract: Taxonomical bias for the intensity of research in natural sciences is well documented but less data exists for crop protection, weed and phytopathology sciences. Here we test a hypothesis predicting a positive relationship between the number of pests recorded in various taxa ("pest-taxa") in the Czech Republic, their economic importance and numbers of persons engaged in research of crop protection, weed, and phytopathology. In contrast, we established an imbalance in the distribution of manpower and the number of pest species. The most counterintuitive result of this study was that the number of scientists was weakly inversely related to the average economic importance of particular taxa. Keywords: scientometry, pest, pathogen, weed, taxon, species richness, number of scientists Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 191-194 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/24/2015-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/24/2015-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:24-2015-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehmet A. SEVIK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection and Author-Name: Ahmet BALKAYA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Title: Seed transmissibility of viruses in winter squash landraces collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey Abstract: The presence of seed-borne viruses in winter squash landraces in the Black Sea region of Turkey were detected. The seed samples of landraces were tested by ELISA for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV), and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). Based on the ELISA results, 11.3% of the samples were infected with the viruses; ELISA, CMV was found at the rate of 5.1% in the winter squash samples, while incidence of ZYMV was determined as 6.2%. Moreover, none of the plants germinated from seeds were found to be infected with SqMV, TRSV, and CGMMV. This is for the first time that seed-borne viruses of winter squash landraces have been identified in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Keywords: CMV, ZYMV, winter squash, serological test, seed transmission, Turkey Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 195-199 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/6/2015-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/6/2015-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:6-2015-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asieh EYVAZI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Author-Name: Akbar DIZADJI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Author-Name: Mina RASTGOU Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Author-Name: Mina KOOHI HABIBI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Title: Bioassay and phylogeny of five Iranian isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus from different hosts based on CP gene sequence Abstract: Using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected in 31 out of 132 symptomatic leaf samples collected from different hosts of Urmia province of Iran, during 2011-2012. In biological assays, five different host isolates caused severe mosaic in Nicotiana species and Capsicum annum without significant difference in severity. Based on phylogenetic analysis of coat protein nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence, two isolates were clustered into subgroup IA, while other three isolates were grouped into IB subgroup of CMV. All Urmian isolates shared a common MspI, and no EcoRI and BsuRI restriction sites. In contrast to S-IA isolates, the second MspI site was found at 473-476 position of only S-IB isolates, which could be used to differentiate two S-IA and S-IB subgroups. Here, we report the first case of Abutilon theophrasti infection, as a new reservoir weed host for CMV in the world. Keywords: CMV, coat protein, genetic variation, phylogeny, symptomology, subgroup I Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 200-207 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/80/2014-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/80/2014-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:80-2014-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mine GUL-SEKER Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey Author-Name: Hamit EKINCI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey Author-Name: Ceyhun OZTURK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey Author-Name: Ibrahim Ozer ELIBUYUK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Title: Current situation of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) in Antalya, Turkey Abstract: We studied the distribution of virus/viruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) in Antalya and to characterise the partial genome sequences of the selected isolates. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was only detected by the triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 24 and 80 greenhouses were found to be TYLCV-infected in the spring and autumn cultivations in 2011, respectively. The rate of TYLCV infection was found to be 29% in the spring cultivation and 43.7% in the autumn cultivation. The partial nucleotide sequences of the isolates were also determined. Keywords: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, virus distribution, characterisation, diagnosis, ELISA, PCR Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 208-213 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/95/2014-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/95/2014-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:95-2014-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav JURSÍK Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Josef SOUKUP Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Josef HOLEC Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří ANDR Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Kateřina HAMOUZOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Efficacy and selectivity of pre-emergent sunflower herbicides under different soil moisture conditions Abstract: We ranked the most frequently used pre-emergent herbicides in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) according to their efficacy and selectivity under different soil moisture conditions within 2008-2011. The efficacy of oxyfluorfen, aclonifen, acetochlor, dimethenamid, and propisochlor on the majority of weeds (Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, Mercurialis annua,and Solanum physalifolium) was only slightly affected by the soil moisture and these herbicides can be used in arid and semiarid regions. The efficacy of linuron, prosulfocarb, and pethoxamid was strongly affected by soil moisture and was insufficient under dry conditions. The majority of herbicides showed good selectivity for sunflower. Crop injury rate of 5-15% was recorded after application of flurochloridone and acetochlor. For flurochloridone, the phytotoxicity increased due to irrigation after herbicide application. The highest sunflower injury rate (27-35%) was recorded after application of oxyfluorfen. Keywords: weed control, phytotoxicity, abiotic factors, irrigation, sunflower Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 214-222 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/82/2014-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/82/2014-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:82-2014-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš SPITZER Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest fyto, s.r.o., Kromeriz, Czech Republic; 2Department of Plant Protection Author-Name: Petr MÍŠA Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest fyto, s.r.o., Kromeriz, Czech Republic; 2Department of Plant Protection Author-Name: Jan BÍLOVSKÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Agrotest fyto, s.r.o., Kromeriz, Czech Republic; 2Department of Plant Protection Author-Name: Jan KAZDA Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Management of maize stand height using growth regulators Abstract: Effect in reducing maize plant height using growth regulators ethephon, chlormequat chloride (CCC), CCC + ethephon, and mepiquat chloride + prohexadione-Ca was studied in field experiments during 2010 and 2011. It was found that maize plant height could be reduced by as much as 125 cm (49% of control) using a double application of ethephon (576 g a.i./ha) at growth stages BBCH 18-19 and BBCH 34-36. The other growth regulators displayed weak or no influence. An optimum level of shortening was achieved using ethephon (576 g a.i./ha) at BBCH 34-36 (reducing plant height by 40-90 cm), but it is necessary to count upon yield loss of 0.5-0.6 t/ha. Keywords: chlormequat chloride (CCC), ethephon, mepiquat chloride, prohexadione-Ca, grain yield Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 223-230 Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 DOI: 10.17221/105/2014-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/105/2014-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-201504-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:51:y:2015:i:4:id:105-2014-PPS