Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleksandra Pietrusińska Author-Workplace-Name: National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland Author-Name: Anna Tratwal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pests Methods Forecasting and Economy of Plant Control, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland Title: Characteristics of powdery mildew and its importance for wheat grown in Poland Abstract: Powdery mildew of grasses and cereals (Blumeria graminis) is a fungal plant disease which is caused by species of fungi from the Erysiphaceae order. B. graminis is a biotrophic parasite, biologically diverse parasite with a high degree of specialization in certain host species and with numerous physiological breeds adapted to different varieties of a particular host species. In Poland, powdery mildew of cereals and grasses is recorded every year, and its greatest intensity is in south-eastern and south-western regions. The degree of infestation by B. graminis varies every year. This means that the disease occurs every year, in greater or lesser severity. Therefore, it requires monitoring (harmfulness thresholds) and chemical control practically in every vegetation season. Nowadays, an important role is played by immunological breeding. In breeding programs, resistance genes from wild crop forms, primitive and indigenous varieties are an effective tool. The introduction of effective resistance genes into cultivated varieties is a common procedure used in breeding program.The aim of this study was to describe the fungal disease of plants from the group of powdery mildews caused by B. graminis as an overview. Keywords: Blumeria graminis, cereals, resistance genes, incidence, characteristics Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 141-153 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/99/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/99/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:99-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sehrish Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajjad ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Farzana Rizvi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biochemistry/U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Evaluation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the development of resistance against Cotton leaf curl virus in model plants Abstract: Over the last decade, the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used by biologists in various fields. In plant biology, the technology is being utilised to manufacture transgenic plants resistant to different diseases. In Pakistan, the Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) (a begomovirus) affects cotton plants causing significant loss to the economy of this agriculturally based country. In the present study, we use the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin (a model plant) to develop resistance against CLCuV. An interesting facet of the study was the comparison of two constructs (pHSE401 and pKSE401) with regards to their efficacy in the virus inhibition. The pKSE401 vector contained a Cas9 nuclease and two guide RNAs (gRNAs), one targeting the Replication associated protein (Rep) gene and the other targeted the βC1 gene of the Betasatellite. The vector pHSE401 had only one sgRNA that targeted the (Rep) gene. Both genes that are intended to be targeted play important roles in the replication of CLCuV. Plants infiltrated with pKSE401 exhibited a delay in the development of the symptoms of the disease and showed lower virus titres. Our proposed multiplexing approach gave efficient results of the resistance in the model plants, and the results in this communication may be extended to the CRISPR/Cas9 based editing of cotton plants. Keywords: Nicotiana benthamiana, sgRNA, Begomovirus, vector, viruses Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 154-162 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/105/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/105/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:105-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbora Mieslerová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav Kitner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Veronika Petřeková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jitka Dvořáková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Michaela Sedlářová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Roger T.A. Cook Author-Workplace-Name: 30 Galtres Avenue, YO31 1JT , York, UK Author-Name: Aleš Lebeda Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic Title: Golovinomyces powdery mildews on Asteraceae in the Czech Republic Abstract: Powdery mildews on the Asteraceae family were surveyed during 2007-2015 in the Czech Republic with the aim to increase our knowledge about occurrence, morphological characteristics and host specificity of powdery mildews on this family. In total, 32 host species with symptoms of powdery mildew were collected, and the fungal species were identified based on microscopic observations. These showed great variability in their morphological characteristics. Our study confirmed the high host specificity of powdery mildew species to their original hosts. A deeper knowledge of the taxonomy of the Asteraceae has brought substantial changes in the delimitation of powdery mildew species. In particular, delimitation of the three varieties of Golovinomyces asterum was studied and discussed. Keywords: Aster, Symphyotrichum, Erysiphaceae, anamorph and teleomorph stage, host specificity, ITS Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 163-179 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/129/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/129/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:129-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiao Jiao Song Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand Author-Name: Kasem Soytong Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand Author-Name: Somdej Kanokmedhakul Author-Workplace-Name: Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand Author-Name: Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul Author-Workplace-Name: Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand Author-Name: Supattra Poeaim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand Title: Antifungal activity of microbial nanoparticles derived from Chaetomium spp. against Magnaporthe oryzae causing rice blast Abstract: The Magnaporthe oryzae isolate PO2 was proven to cause rice blast var. PSL 2 in this study. Chaetomium elatum, Chaetomium lucknowense and Chaetomium brasiliense were antagonised to M. oryzae. The hexane extract of C. brasiliense gave the highest inhibition of the spore production with an ED50 of 35 ppm, the EtOAC extract of C. lucknowense inhibited the spore production at 57 ppm and the EtOAC extracts of C. elatum inhibited the spore production at 106 ppm. The nano-CLM (C. lucknowense) inhibited the spore production at 5.24 ppm, the nano-CBH (C. brasiliense) inhibited the spore production at 6.86 ppm and the nano-CEE (C. elatum) inhibited the spore production at 7.89 ppm. The rice leaves treated with nano-CBH from C. brasiliense produced Sakuranertin and Oryzalexin B as seen on the thin layer chromatography where the Rf value was 0.08 assumed to be Sakuranertin, and the Rf value of 0.28 supposed to be Oryzalexin B. It was found that the nanoparticles act as elicitors to induce immunity in rice plants through the production of phytoalexin. Keywords: plant pathology, biological control, antagonistic fungi, blast disease Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 180-190 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/41/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/41/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:41-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kahkashan Perveen Author-Name: Najat A. Bokahri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Title: Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil Abstract: The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore, it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5 in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide. Keywords: plant pathogenic fungi, eco-friendly, Solanum lycopersicum, plant growth, Alternaria alternata, Mentha arvensis Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 191-196 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/100/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/100/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:100-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ján Kulfan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Marek Dzurenko Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Michal Parák Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Lenka Sarvašová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Miroslav Saniga Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Peter M.J. Brown Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom Author-Name: Peter Zach Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia Title: Larval feeding of Cydalima perspectalis on box trees with a focus on the spatial and temporal distribution Abstract: The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis is an invasive pest on box trees originating from Eastern Asia which spread throughout Europe. We assessed the efficacy of photo-eclectors (emergence boxes) for the detection of its larvae. We also investigated their spatial distribution on the hosts and the spatial and temporal distribution of the leaf damage caused by this pest in Slovakia. Our results showed non-uniform vertical distribution of the overwintering larvae and leaf damage on the trees. The larval abundance in the spring was significantly affected by the height of the branches above the ground. During spring, the larvae occurred most abundantly in the upper parts of the trees. The leaf damage was greatest in the lower parts throughout the growing season. During the progress of the infestation, the development of the damage in the lower and middle parts was similar. In the upper part, the initial increase in the damage was slow, but accelerated four months before the complete defoliation. The field estimation of the proportion of damaged leaves and the accurate assessment based on counting the damaged leaves suggest a consis­tency between these estimates. Hence, a quick field estimation of the leaf damage may be utilised by horticultural practices. Keywords: box tree moth, Buxus, invasive species, photo-eclectors, leaf damage Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 197-205 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/126/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/126/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:126-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjeev Kumar Dhungana Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Author-Workplace-Name: National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang, Korea Author-Name: Bishnu Adhikari Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Author-Name: Arjun Adhikari Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Author-Name: Il-Doo Kim Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Research & Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Author-Name: Jeong-Ho Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Green Technology Convergence, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea Author-Name: Dong-Hyun Shin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Title: Comparative effect of different insecticides on the growth and yield of soybeans Abstract: The yield of soybeans, an economically important crop worldwide, is substantially reduced by different abiotic and biotic factors, including insect pests. Different insecticides are applied to control soybean insect pests. The application of insecticides may also affect the plants along with the pests. The effects of four insecticides (fenitrothion, etofenprox, thiamethoxam, and lambda-cyhalothrin-cum-thiamethoxam; LT) on the growth and yield of two soybean cultivars over two years were investigated. The plant height (PH), pod number, shoot dry matter without seed (SDWS), total shoot dry matter, seed yield per plant (SYP), harvest index (HI), and hundred-seed weight significantly varied with the insecticides. However, the primary branch number was not significantly affected by the insecticides. Significant interactions between the year and insecticide, except for the SDWS and HI, indicated that the growing environment also affected the influence of the insecticides. The PH was significantly tall in the thiamethoxam (50.07 cm) and short for the LT (46.66 cm) application. The SYP was significantly high for the LT (20.51 g) and low for the fenitrothion (11.51 g). This study showed that the type of insecticide could significantly affect the plant growth and yield of the soybean. Keywords: crop, insecticide spray, harvest index, plant height, pod number, shoot dry matter Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 206-213 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/77/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/77/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:77-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdalena Dzięgielewska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland Author-Name: Iwona Adamska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Management, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland Title: Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi in agricultural areas Abstract: In 2016-2018, in north-western Poland, field studies were carried out on the coexistence of various taxonomic groups, such as soil nematodes and fungi, including beneficial species that comprise the environment's natural resistance to pests in agrocenoses. The research aimed to find a connection between select biotic and abiotic factors in the chosen crops which could have practical applications in plant protection. Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filipiev, 1934 and entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin were found to be present in all studied agrocenoses; however, they showed clear preferences for some types of crops or soil. The research shows that the effectiveness of the biological methods of plant protection depends on the selection of the right biopreparations, which strengthen the local populations of the beneficial organisms present in specific agriculture areas. Keywords: crops, soil microorganisms, natural occurrence, plant protection Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 214-225 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/7/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/7/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:7-2019-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Fiala Author-Name: Jaroslav Holuša Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Trapping of ambrosia beetles by artificially produced lures in a oak forest Abstract: Ambrosia beetles are among the most damaging forest pests. They are frequently moved intercontinentally and are therefore subject to quarantines. The objective of the current research was to determine whether two commercially produced lures for Trypodendron species also attract central European ambrosia beetles. In 2018, Theysohn® traps were deployed in an oak forest that also contained hornbeam and linden trees. Five pair of traps was baited with the standard synthetic pheromone lures, Trypowit® or Lineatin Kombi®. The 201 adults of ambrosia bark beetles that were trapped were identified to eight species, which represents almost the entire spectrum of oak ambrosia scolytids in the region. Trypodendron domesticum, Xyleborinus saxesenii, and Xyleborus monographus were the most abundant species and exhibited a slight preference for the lure with a higher content of alcohols (Lineatin Kombi®). Both lures attracted T. lineatum because both contain lineatin. The number of beetles trapped was low probably because food sources (damaged or wilting oaks) were rare and because the forest was surrounded by agricultural land and therefore isolated from other oak forests. Keywords: Trypodendron, Xyleborinus saxeseni, Xyleborus monographus, Xyleborini, Trypowit® , Lineatin Kombi® Czech Republic Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 226-230 Volume: 56 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 DOI: 10.17221/133/2019-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/133/2019-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202003-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:56:y:2020:i:3:id:133-2019-PPS