Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ainur Ainiah Azman Husni Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: Siti Izera Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: Noraini Jaafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: Dzarifah Zulperi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Title: Etiology, diagnostic approaches and management strategies of Acidovorax citrulli, a bacterial fruit blotch pathogen of cucurbits Abstract: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli, represents one of the most destructing diseases of cucurbits, especially to watermelon- and melon producing-regions. This disease has been spread sporadically to many countries globally, due to the unintentionally dispersal of contaminated commercial seeds. The BFB causes massive yield losses up to 100% under conducive conditions. Once infected, all parts of the host plants are extremely susceptible to this bacterium, especially the seedlings and fruits parts. In recent years, various management approaches and detection tools have been employed to control A. citrulli. Genotypic characterization methods revealed two distinct groups of A. citrulli strains; (i) group I strains primarily isolated from non-watermelon cucurbits and consist of moderate to highly aggressive strains from wide range of cucurbit hosts, and (ii) group II strains isolated from watermelon which are highly aggressive on watermelon, but mildly aggressive on non-watermelon hosts. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review research findings where the impact of diverse methods and management approaches were applied in detection and controlling of A. citrulli infection. A better understanding of this devastating bacterium will serve as guidelines for agricultural practitioners in developing the most efficient and sustainable BFB control strategies. Keywords: control strategies, detection, disease, phytopathogenic bacteria Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 75-94 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/52/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/52/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:52-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oluwaseun Adeyinka Fasusi Author-Workplace-Name: Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa Author-Name: Olubukola Oluranti Babalola Title: The multifaceted plant-beneficial rhizobacteria toward agricultural sustainability Abstract: Agricultural practices depend mainly on the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides which have caused serious health hazards and have also contributed to the pollution of the environment at large. The application of plant-beneficial rhizobacteria in agrarian practices has become paramount in increasing soil fertility, promoting plant growth, ensuring food safety, and increasing crop production to ensure sustainable agriculture. Beneficial rhizobacteria are soil microorganisms that are eco-friendly and serve as a modern method of improving the plant yield, protecting the plant and soil fertility that pose no harm to humans and the environment. This eco-friendly approach requires the application of beneficial rhizobacteria with plant growth-promoting traits that can improve the nutrient uptake, enhance the resistance of plants to abiotic and biotic stress, protect plants against pathogenic microorganisms and promote plant growth and yield. This review article has highlighted the multitasking roles that beneficial rhizobacteria employ in promoting plant growth, food production, bioremediation, providing defence to plants, and maintaining soil fertility. The knowledge acquired from this review will help in understanding the bases and importance of plant-beneficial rhizobacteria in ensuring agricultural sustainability and as an alternative to the use of agrochemicals. Keywords: biofertiliser, biocontrol, crop yield, bioremediation, food security Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 95-111 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/130/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/130/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:130-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hatice Filiz Boyaci Author-Workplace-Name: Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Vegetable Crops and Ornamentals, Antalya, Turkey Author-Name: Aylin Kabas Author-Workplace-Name: Manavgat Vocational School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Author-Name: Yesim Aysan Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University Adana, Turkey Author-Name: Jaime Prohens Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain Title: Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Abstract: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the phytopathogenic bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease and severe yield losses in tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Although there are some reports on Cmm infections in eggplants (Solanum melongena), there is no information available on the resistance sources and genetic control of the resistance to Cmm in this crop. We performed a search for resistance sources to Cmm in eggplants, in a set of 46 genotypes including landraces, inbred lines and cultivars and some cultivated and wild relatives, as well as an analysis of the genetic control of the resistance. A mixture of different Cmm strains from different genomic groups was used for the screening. Plants were inoculated through the injection of 10 µL of a Cmm suspension at a concentration of 107 cfu/mL in a single point of the stem. The symptoms were recorded at nine weeks after the inoculation with a 0-4 symptoms scale. The differences were observed in the symptoms in the collection evaluated, with the disease severity index of the genotypes ranging from 0.00 to 4.00. While 31 genotypes displayed no symptoms, three cultivated eggplant genotypes were highly susceptible. Reciprocal F1 and F2 generations were obtained from the crosses between the most susceptible genotype (CT30) and a resistant one (CT49). The genetic control of the resistance adjusted well to one dominant and one recessive gene model underlying the resistance to Cmm. These results are important for selection and breeding for resistance to Cmm in eggplants. Keywords: bacteria, Cmm, genetic control, resistance resources, strain Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 112-121 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/105/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/105/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:105-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radix Suharjo Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author-Name: Hani Anggrainy Oktaviana Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author-Name: Titik Nur Aeny Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author-Name: Cipta Ginting Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author-Name: Rachmansyah Arianto Wardhana Author-Workplace-Name: PT Great Giant Pineapple, Lampung Tengah, Indonesia Author-Name: Ariyo Nugroho Author-Workplace-Name: PT Great Giant Pineapple, Lampung Tengah, Indonesia Author-Name: Ratdiana Ratdiana Author-Workplace-Name: PT Great Giant Pineapple, Lampung Tengah, Indonesia Title: Erwinia mallotivora is the causal agent of papaya bacterial crown rot disease in Lampung Timur, Indonesia Abstract: Sixteen bacterial strains showing oval, convex with a white colony colour were obtained from the water-soaked lesions on the petioles and leaves of infected papaya (cv. calina) collected from a papaya field in Lampung Timur, Indonesia. The pathogenicity test showed that all the strains produced the same symptoms with those found in the field. Four representative strains were then chosen for further investigation. The phenotypic characteristics revealed that the strains resembled Erwinia mallotivora. Two representative strains were further identified using a 16SrDNA sequence analysis. The result showed that the strains were placed within the group of the type strain and the reference strains of E. mallotivora. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first finding of E. mallotivora as the causal agent of papaya crown rot disease in Indonesia. Among the sixteen plants used for the host range test, the symptom was only observed on eggplants, but not on the other fifteen plant species. Keywords: eggplant, host range test, identification, sequence analysis of 16SrDNA, water-soaked lesions Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 122-133 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/123/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/123/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:123-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Gharwalová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Markéta Kulišová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Anastasiia Vasyliuk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Helena Marešová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Andrea Palyzová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Linda Nedbalová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Irena Kolouchová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Sphingolipids of plant pathogenic fungi Abstract: Glycosphingolipids in filamentous fungi are significant components of the plasma membrane and are vital for different cellular processes, such as growth, morphological transition or signal transduction. Fungal growth inhibitors targeting glycosylinositolphosphoceramide (GIPCs) biosynthesis or antifungal compounds binding to GIPCs present in membranes could present a safe way of preventing fungal growth on crops since GIPCs are not present in mammalian cells. Mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics was used to analyze sphingolipids of 11 fungal strains isolated from plant material. Molecular species with inositol ceramides containing zero to five carbohydrates were identified. Differences in the amount of individual molecular species were influenced by the taxonomic affiliation. All tested strains exhibited a relatively high content (more than 40 mol.%) of GIPCs with three and more saccharides attached to the polar head. It could be assumed that the sphingolipid profiles of the tested plant pathogens would be an adaptation mechanism to antifungal plant defensins. Keywords: defensin, filamentous fungi, glycosylinositolphosphoceramides, high resolution tandem electrospray mass spectrometry, Vitis vinifera Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 134-139 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/131/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/131/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:131-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey Richard Dixon Title: Amino acid changes during the early stages of tomato wilt disease (Verticillium albo-atrum) Abstract: Soil-borne pathogens such as Verticillium species, invade into the roots of many herbaceous and woody hosts. The xylem environment supplies these pathogens with a continuous flow of nitrogen-rich nutrition. Detailed quantitative increases in amino acids in the stems, petioles, leaflets and roots of young tomato plants infected with Verticillium. albo-atrum the causal agent of wilt disease, are described in this paper for the first time. Results focus in particular on the vascular environment prior to the emergence of visual symptoms. Total amino acid concentrations in infected stems and petioles increased substantially at 144 and 216 h after inoculation. This effect was evident in leaflets at 216 h after inoculation. By 216 h most amino acid concentrations were substantially increased in stems, petioles and leaflets of infected plants relative to healthy controls. Earlier at 144 h in stems substantial increases were recorded for aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and ethanolamine. A similar picture emerged for petioles with the addition of increases in proline but not glycine. Amino acids increasing substantially in infected leaflets at 216 h were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and ethanolamine. In the infected roots there was relatively little difference in amino acid concentrations relative to healthy controls with the particular exceptions of proline and ethanolamine. By 18 days (432h), when visual symptoms were well advanced marked increases in amino acid concentrations were found for threonine, serine, α-alanine, valine, methionine, iso-leucine, leucine, tyrosine, ethanolamine, ornithine, lysine, histidine and arginine. Keywords: vascular pathogen, nitrogen, stress, syndrome, pre-visual symptoms Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 140-147 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/136/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/136/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:136-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umer Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Haiwen Qin Author-Workplace-Name: Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Jiaqiang Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Muhammad Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Juan Shi Author-Workplace-Name: Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Zou Ya Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Beijing for the Control of Forest Pests, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China Title: Variation in the potential distribution of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) globally and in Pakistan under current and future climatic conditions Abstract: Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous moth species that mainly damages various crops and ornamental plants. This widely distributed pest is particularly a nuisance in Pakistan where it damages many crops, e.g., wheat and vegetables. To assess the risk of damage by this moth, we used the CLIMEX model to predict the distribution of A. ipsilon under current and future climatic conditions. Using the literature data, we collected information on the biology and ecology of A. ipsilon relevant for modelling the distribution of this species in Pakistan and worldwide under current and future climatic conditions. Our results revealed that under future climatic scenarios, the highly favourable habitat area of A. ipsilon (ecoclimatic index EI > 30) would decrease globally from 19% at present to 14% in the future, and the moderately favourable habitat area (0 < EI ≤ 15) would increase from 21 to 29%. We found that the northern areas of Pakistan will become highly suitable for the establishment of A. ipsilon. Under the current climatic conditions, the optimal habitats of A. ipsilon (EI > 30) comprised 10% and moderately favourable habitats (EI < 17) accounted for 25% of the total land area in Pakistan. Under future climatic scenarios, the optimal habitat area of the moth in Pakistan could decrease to 5% and the moderately favourable habitat area could cover 63% of the entire land area. The results can be applied in the protection of various crops and ornamental plants against A. ipsilon in Pakistan as well as worldwide. Keywords: black cutworm, CLIMEX model, climate change, current distribution, potential distribution, prediction Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 148-158 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/41/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/41/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:41-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luděk Tyšer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Michaela Kolářová Title: Occurrence of native weed species on arable land - Effect of different environmental factors Abstract: Native species form a substantial part of arable weed communities. The objective of this survey was to study the occurrence of native species in arable fields in the Czech Republic related to applied management systems (conventional and organic farming), crops (winter cereals, spring cereals, wide-row crops) and environmental conditions at different altitudes. In 2006-2018, a phytocoenological survey (320 relevés) was performed across the Czech Republic. In total, 180 weed species were recorded, of which 43.33% were considered as native (78 species). The net effects of all the studied variables on the occurrence of native species were found as statistically significant. Most of the variability was explained by the altitude, followed by the crop and type of farming. The highest occurrence of native weeds was noticed in organic farming and cereals and increased with an increasing altitude. The higher incidence in higher elevations can be connected to the more intensive agriculture in the lowlands. Keywords: apophytes, Chenopodium album, species frequencies, Viola arvensis, weed communities Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 159-166 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/79/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/79/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:79-2020-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Fiala Author-Name: Jaroslav Holuša Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Infestation of Norway spruce seedlings by Cryphalus asperatus: New threat for planting of forests? Abstract: Cryphalus asperatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is described as an exceptional but important secondary pest of Norway spruce seedlings. Of the 10 000 seedlings transported to one location in the Ore Mountains, Central Europe in 2020, in total 1 500 seedlings were killed by C. asperatus. The infestation and death of seedlings probably resulted in part from the substantial local increase in the local abundance of C. asperatus after the sanitation felling of many Ips typographus-infested and otherwise damaged trees; the felled trees provided many branches suitable for C. asperatus feeding. In addition, the seedlings were probably stressed by the multi-hour transportation (probably drought) from the forest nursery. Keywords: bark beetle, drought stress, forest nursery, Scolytinae, seedling mortality, Picea abies Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 167-170 Volume: 57 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/112/2020-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/112/2020-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202102-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:57:y:2021:i:2:id:112-2020-PPS