Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulina Książek-Trela Author-Name: Ewa Szpyrka Title: The effect of natural and biological pesticides on the degradation of synthetic pesticides Abstract: Chemical plant protection methods have been used for decades. For some time now, society has paid attention to the hazards to human health resulting from the excessive use of chemical protection products. The presence of plant protection agent residues in crops causes changes in the natural environment, including biodiversity loss and the appearance of organisms harmful to plants, resistant to plant protection agents. To protect the health of humans, animals, and the environment, the principles of integrated plant protection have been introduced, giving priority to biological plant protection methods, for example, the use of biological active substances containing microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi) and natural substances. Microorganisms, as well as other natural substances, can accelerate the degradation of chemical plant protection products present in the environment and agricultural products. This review paper focuses on the effect of natural and biological pesticides on the degradation of synthetic pesticides. The most important and most perspective in integrated pest management (IPM) systems are Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp. because their effectiveness in pesticide degradation and the large number of commercial preparations containing these microorganisms available on the market. The application of biological pesticides recommended in IPM systems could significantly improve the quality of the soil, environment, and human health. Keywords: pesticide, biocontrol, biodegradation, biopesticides, natural active substances Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 273-291 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/152/2021-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/152/2021-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:152-2021-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dana Šafářová Author-Name: Jakub Lemberk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milan Navrátil Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Title: Characterisation of the little cherry virus 1 isolate infecting almonds in the Czech Republic Abstract: Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1) of the genus Velarivirus is an important pathogen associated with the little cherry disease. It infects various species of the genus Prunus, mainly the sweet cherry and the sour cherry. Recently, plums and apricots have also been reported as natural hosts. In the present work, the LChV1 isolate causing chlorotic mosaics in almonds is characterised. The nearly complete (+)ssRNA genome sequence of the Alm138 isolate, obtained by Sanger sequencing, is 16 878 nt long showing a typical velarivirus structure with 8 ORFs. Among them, the taxonomically important ORFs, ORF1a/1b encoding the polyprotein is 8 421 nt long, with a 0/+1 frameshift position at 6 923; ORF3 encoding the heat shock protein HSP70h is 1 656 nt long, and ORF6 encoding the coat protein duplicate is 1 989 nt long. The genome sequence showed its highest identity with LChV1 isolates Apr184R (96.2%), 19SP003B (92.2%) and Kyoto-2 (92.1%). A similar situation was also found for the ORF1, HSP70h, and CP nucleotide and amino acid sequences. A phylogenetic analysis identified Alm138 as a member of the G5 phylogenetic group, supporting its close relationships with the Czech Apr184R apricot isolate and the other members of this group. This report describes the first little cherry virus 1 isolate infecting almonds and confirms the presence of isolates of the G5 phylogroup within Europe. Keywords: LChV-1, Prunus dulcis L., Sanger sequencing, phylogeny Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 292-297 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/63/2022-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/63/2022-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:63-2022-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbora Jílková Author-Name: Jana Víchová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Susceptibility of apple fruits from selected cultivars to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex Abstract: The pathogenicity of five isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum species complex (CASC) was tested on artificially injured apple fruits of the cultivar 'Golden Delicious' under laboratory conditions. Then, ten apple cultivars were tested for their relative susceptibility to CASC. Differences in the pathogenicity of the CASC isolates were confirmed in the test. The highest degree of pathogenicity was showed by the isolates from the strawberry and DCSBPM J1 from the apple. No cultivars were resistant to the pathogen. The disease incidence ranged from 57.5% to 100%. The individual cultivars showed different susceptibility to the tested isolates. The cultivars 'Braeburn', 'Jonagold' and 'Rubinola' showed the least susceptibility to the pathogen, while the cultivars 'Jonagored' and 'Otava' were recorded as the most susceptible to CASC. All the tested isolates were confirmed, by the conventional PCR method, to belong to CASC. The sequences of isolates DCSBPM J1 and DCSBPM 1209 were deposited in the GenBank. Keywords: bitter rot, Malus domestica, cross-infection, resistance test, virulence test Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 298-304 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/5/2022-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5/2022-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:5-2022-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olufadekemi Fajemisin Author-Name: Jana Mazáková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Ryšánek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of the sensitivity of Leptosphaeria maculans isolates causing phoma stem canker in oilseed rape in the Czech Republic to boscalid and dimoxystrobin fungicides Abstract: Phoma stem canker, caused by Leptosphaeria spp. is generally managed with demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides in the Czech Republic. However, there have been reports of resistance to DMIs in L. maculans populations. Fungicide resistance management recommends the application of fungicides with different modes of action, either as mixtures or in rotation with other fungicide classes. The objective, therefore, was to evaluate the efficacy of boscalid, dimoxystrobin and a mixture of boscalid and dimoxystrobin, belonging to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor fungicide groups, respectively, on L. maculans isolates. A total of 41 and 285 isolates were tested using the mycelial growth and microtitre plate assays, respectively. The EC50 values for the mycelial growth plate method ranged from 0.026-0.984 µg/mL and 0.097-1.653 µg/mL for boscalid and boscalid + dimoxystrobin, respectively. For dimoxystrobin, the EC50 range was wide, between 0.053-95.59 µg/mL. The EC50 values for the microtitre plate assay ranged from 0.001 496-0.836 3 µg/mL and 7.3 × 10-4-2.801 µg/mL for boscalid and dimoxystrobin, respectively. The results also showed that the L. maculans conidia were more sensitive to boscalid and dimoxystrobin than mycelia. Keywords: fungicide resistance, blackleg disease, DMI, SDHI, QoI Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 305-314 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/177/2021-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/177/2021-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:177-2021-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Baran Aslan Author-Workplace-Name: Burdur Food Agriculture and Livestock Vocational School, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey Author-Name: Ali Kemal Birgücü Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey Title: Population parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on wild tomato species Abstract: In this study, the effects of five wild tomato species (Solanum chilense, Solanum corneliomulleri, Solanum neorickii, Solanum huaylesense and Solanum pennellii) on the life table parameters of Tuta absoluta were determined for the first time, and the larval development time, lifespan, pupal period, fecundity, and female/male longevity were also estimated. According to the data obtained from the study, S. chilense was determined as the most suitable species for the development of T. absoluta. Among the wild tomato species, S. corneliomulleri and S. neorickii were determined as the most effective hosts against T. absoluta in terms of the intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, mean generation time, gross reproduction rate, population doubling time, and finite rate of increase than the other species. These two species were also effective against the pest on the egg, larval development, total longevity, and fecundity. According to these results, S. corneliomulleri and S. neorickii are viable candidates for the development of new resistant tomato genotypes to T. absoluta. Keywords: wild tomatoes, Solanum, life table, resistance Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 315-325 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/22/2022-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/22/2022-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:22-2022-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moataz A.M. Moustafa Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Wael H. Elmenofy Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Engy A. Osman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Nourhan A. El-Said Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Mona Awad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Title: Biological impact, oxidative stress and adipokinetic hormone activities of Agrotis ipsilon in response to bioinsecticides Abstract: The use of biological control products enhances the reduction of harmful pressures on the environment caused by the use of conventional pesticides. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the toxicity of eight bioinsecticides on the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to understand the relationships between insecticide exposure and insect response at the individual and population levels. The bioassay results showed that emamectin benzoate had high toxicity against A. ipsilon second instar larvae with an LC50 of 0.007 (mg/L). Sublethal concentration (LC30) of emamectin benzoate, spinosyn group and Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (Dipel 2X) had significantly prolonged pupal period. In addition, emamectin benzoate significantly decreased the number of eggs laid per female (135.3 ± 6.919) compared with the control treatment. Thus, the formulation of chlorfenapyr showed a 1.26-fold reduction in hatching rate. Meanwhile, the activities of oxidative stress enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were significantly affected due to exposure to sublethal concentration. Changes in adipokinetic hormone (AKH) transcriptional regulation were detected via SQ-PCR via using cDNA synthesized from mRNA isolated from treated A. ipsilon larvae. The results showed a higher transcription rate of AKH in spinotram-treated larvae with a 1.42-fold increase over untreated larvae. Our results provide useful information for integrated pest management programs for A. ipsilon by using bioinsecticides. Keywords: toxicity, black cutworm, bioinsecticde, enzyme activity, AKH Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 326-337 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/46/2022-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/46/2022-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:46-2022-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Amir Gulzar Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Disease Resistance, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ateeq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ummad Ud Din Umar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Pathological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Evaluation of genetic and induced resistance phenomena in cucumbers against the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Abstract: Meloidogyne spp. is an important pest of cucurbits in tunnel farming of vegetables in Pakistan. A cucumber germplasm was evaluated for resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) based on the number of galls and egg masses recorded under glass house conditions. All the cucumber accessions showed varying responses towards the RKN inoculation. Out of the fifteen cucumber lines, two were found to be moderately susceptible to M. incognita, ten were susceptible while the other three were highly susceptible. For the management of the nematodes, resistance was induced in a highly susceptible cucumber accession (28294) by the application (both drench and foliar) of elicitors, i.e., salicylic acid (SA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The application of SA and BTH significantly enhanced the defence mechanism of the cucumber plants when compared to the control. Increased enzymatic activities in the cucumber plants as the result of the elicitor applications were determined through spectrophotometer to correlate the induced resistance. There was a significant increase in the enzymatic activities when compared to the control in the cucumber plants, which ultimately enhanced the resistance as there was a decrease in the number of galls and egg masses per plant. The enzymatic antioxidant activity was also found to increase in response to the nematode infection. Both SA and BTH were reported to play pivotal roles in inducing resistance in cucumber plants against M. incognita. Keywords: Cucumis sativus, M. incognita, SAR, benzothiadiazole, salicylic acid, enzymatic activities Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 338-350 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/130/2021-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/130/2021-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:130-2021-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Gaafer Abdelgfar Osman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE)Volt (SZIE), Gödöllő, Hungary Author-Workplace-Name: Weed Research Department, Integrated Agricultural Pests Research Centre, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani, Sudan Author-Name: Mark Szalai Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Economics, Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Mihaly Zalai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE)Volt (SZIE), Gödöllő, Hungary Author-Name: Zita Dorner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE)Volt (SZIE), Gödöllő, Hungary Author-Name: Jozsef Kiss Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE)Volt (SZIE), Gödöllő, Hungary Title: Measurement of post-dispersal invertebrate seed predation of some relevant weed species in maize fields in Hungary: An ecosystem service provided in crop fields contributing to weed management Abstract: Invertebrate seed predation is a potential ecosystem service that substantially reduces weed seeds in crop fields, decreasing the seedling emergence and, thus, limiting the weed competition next season. It may, thus, be considered as a natural component of the long-term weed management toolbox. This study aimed to measure the post-dispersal invertebrate seed predation levels of the following relevant weed species in Hungarian maize fields: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Datura stramonium, Chenopodium album, and Echinochloa crus-galli, and to compare the predation levels among them. We hypothesised that invertebrate seed predators will predate weed seeds, but the predation levels may vary with the weed species. Two sampling rounds were performed, in November 2019 and October 2020, in Gödöllő, Hungary. A total of 100 seed cards/round were placed on the soil surface inside a maize field prior to harvest, 10 m from the field's edge, along 25 transects, with four cards/transect. A distance of 10 m was set between the transects and 1 m between the cards. Twenty seeds of each weed species were glued onto sandpaper (25 × 10 cm, P-60), and a wire mesh was used to exclude vertebrate predators. The seed removal was calculated every 24 h, for seven days in 2019 and for five days in 2020, and then the seed predation was measured using the number of removed seeds on each card. The results showed high seed predation levels on all the seed cards, with an overall average of 85.9 ± 13.7%. Besides, there was a decrease in the % of remaining seeds on the cards starting from the first day after exposure due to seed predation in both years. The optimum exposure period for measuring the seed predation was found to be three to four days, though the number of predated seeds on days 3 and 4 significantly differed between years (P < 0.001), with higher predation rates in 2020 than in 2019. However, no differences were detected in the predation rates among the weed species (P = 0.962, 0.079). These findings indicate the potential contribution of seed predation by invertebrates to weed management in Hungarian maize fields. Keywords: invertebrate seed predators, ecosystem services, key weed, maize Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 351-359 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/159/2021-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/159/2021-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:159-2021-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Milenković Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Workplace-Name: Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Zlatan Radulović Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Dragan Karadžić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Title: First report of Seiridium cardinale on Cupressus sempervirens in Serbia Abstract: While monitoring the health of different ornamental and shade trees in Serbia, symptoms indicative of cypress canker disease were observed in young Cupressus sempervirens trees in the Belgrade urban area. Symptoms included tree mortality (specimens were recorded with a change in needle colour, branch decline or longitudinal bark cankers on the stems with resin exudates) and the appearance of acervuli fruiting bodies on the bark and cones. Using light microscopy, cross sections of fruiting bodies on the cankered bark and cones were examined and numerous fusoid, six-cell conidia were recorded with four inner coloured cells and two hyaline cells at the ends. Based on the unique combination of the morphological features and the infected host, this pathogen was identified as Seiridium cardinale. This is the first report of S. cardinale on the common cypress in Serbia. Possible introduction pathways and the implications of the findings are discussed. Keywords: common cypress, cypress canker, Coryneum cardinale, ornamental plantings, nursery infestation Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 360-364 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/54/2021-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/54/2021-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:54-2021-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Věra Kroftová Author-Name: Marie Váňová Title: Obituary of doc. Ing. Dr. Jaroslav Benada, CSc. (1928-2022) Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 365-368 Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/70/2022-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/70/2022-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202204-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:58:y:2022:i:4:id:70-2022-PPS