Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Halyna Snihur Author-Workplace-Name: Virology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Plant viruses, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Tetiana Shevchenko Author-Workplace-Name: Virology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Oleksiy Shevchenko Author-Workplace-Name: Virology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Author-Name: Anhelina Kyrychenko Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Plant viruses, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Title: The role of seed transmission in the spread of cereal viruses: Global challenges and prevalent threats in Ukraine Abstract: The transmission of plant viruses through seed plays a fundamental role in virus spread, persistence, and survival, particularly in economically important crops. Besides its considerable ecological significance, seed transmission influences plant and virus evolution. Virus contamination of the seed also has critical epidemiological implications, especially when combined with subsequent or additional insect vector spread. Plants grown from contaminated seeds serve as primary viral inoculum sources, facilitating the introduction of viruses into new regions and triggering disease outbreaks with substantial economic losses for growers. Changes in environmental conditions increasingly influence plant virus epidemiology by affecting vector populations, host susceptibility, and transmission dynamics, thus increasing virus transmission risks in cereal crops. This review explores the mechanisms of seed transmission and its consequences, with a focus on key cereal viruses in Ukraine: barley stripe mosaic virus, wheat streak mosaic virus, High Plains wheat mosaic virus, sugarcane mosaic virus, and maize dwarf mosaic virus. Hereby, the biological properties of these viruses, the risks posed by seed transmission, and the economic impact on crop production are discussed. Given the widespread distribution of these pathogens, presented data will also be valuable for other cereal-growing regions, particularly those bordering Ukraine and engaged in seed import/export. This review underscores the global need to manage seed-transmitted viruses to safeguard cereal crop productivity and food security. Future research should focus on developing resistant cultivars and advanced diagnostics to control their spread. Keywords: seed-borne viruses, insect vectors, epidemiology, climate change, economic impact Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 201-221 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/51/2025-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/51/2025-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:51-2025-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hossam El-Beltagi Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Author-Workplace-Name: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Mohamed El-Nady Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt Author-Name: Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Author-Workplace-Name: Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Author-Workplace-Name: Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt Author-Name: Metwaly Mahfouz Salem Metwaly Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt Title: Mitigation of salinity stress effects on Vicia faba L. growth and productivity using proline and salicylic acid foliar application Abstract: High soil salinity causes a negative impact on plant growth and lowers crop yields. Thus, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and proline (Pro), separately and combined, on enhancing salinity tolerance in broad beans. Salinity stress (4.69 ds/m and 6.25 ds/m) significantly reduced plant growth (plant height, leaf area, number of leaf/plant, plant dry weight), chlorophyll pigment content (chlorophyll a, b or total), relative water content, K/Na ratio, seed yield per plant, and N, P, K, and crude protein content in broad bean seeds. Foliar application of Pro and SA, either individually or in combination, enhanced plant growth parameters, chlorophyll pigment content, endogenous proline levels, phenol content, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes [antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)]. Additionally, these treatments enhanced plant seed yield, N, P, K, and crude protein levels in the seeds. The combined foliar application of Pro and SA was more effective in mitigating salinity stress's harmful effects than using either substance alone. These findings indicate that foliar application of SA and Pro, either individually or in combination, alleviated the adverse effects of salinity on broad beans, with the combined application proving to be the most effective. Keywords: chlorophyll pigments, endogenous proline content, antioxidant enzymes activity, relative water content, phenols content, membrane stability Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 222-241 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/127/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/127/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:127-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Trempetić Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Eliška Zezulová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Nečas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Šnurkovič Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Products, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Kiss Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Influence of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' on primary and secondary metabolites of apricots Abstract: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' ('Ca. P. prunorum') is a causative agent of European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), an economically important decline disease of some stone fruit species (Prunus spp.). The present research focused on the influence of 'Ca. P. prunorum' on primary and secondary metabolites in four apricot genotypes consisting of older trees (genotypes Nora, LEM 159, group 1) and younger trees (genotypes H 74 and H 177, group 2). The content of sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose and sorbitol), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity (AC), total soluble proteins (TSPC), mineral ions: potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+), pigments: chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, and indolic compounds content (ICC) were analysed in two time periods during the year in the leaves of tested trees. The results revealed that the presence of phytoplasma/ESFY symptoms significantly decreased the content of pigments in both groups during the summer sampling period. ESFY caused a decrease of TPC, TFC and ICC in the H 177 genotype. The phytoplasma decreased the TSPC and K+ content in older trees during both sampling periods. The only increase caused by phytoplasma infection was observed in glucose content, but only in the group of older plants. The results of this study support the idea that 'Ca. P. prunorum' affects metabolites in plants' defence system and manipulates basic metabolic processes during successful infection. Keywords: plant metabolism, plant-pathogen interactions, Prunus, European stone fruit yellows Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 242-254 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/128/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/128/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:128-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jelena Latinović Author-Workplace-Name: University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Podgorica, Montenegro Author-Name: Nedeljko Latinović Author-Workplace-Name: University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Podgorica, Montenegro Author-Name: Bogoljub Kandić Author-Workplace-Name: University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Podgorica, Montenegro Author-Name: Aleksandra Jelušić Author-Workplace-Name: University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Tatjana Popović Milovanović Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia Title: Evidence and characterisation of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis causing bacterial blight of walnut in Montenegro Abstract: This study represents the first evidence of the bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) on walnut trees in Podgorica (Montenegro). Disease symptoms appeared on leaves in the form of dark, angular leaf spots surrounded by yellow-green haloes and lesions spread across the whole leaf. Isolated bacteria were preliminarily identified using PCR with pathovar-specific primer pair XajF/XajR and further characterised based on multi-locus sequence analysis with nine housekeeping genes (fusA, gapA, gltA, gyrB1, lepA, rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB2). Montenegrin walnut isolates were homogeneous among themselves and the most closely related to different X. arboricola strains originating from Juglans regia isolated elsewhere. The pathogenicity of isolates was confirmed on walnut leaves, fruits, and branches. All inoculations resulted in the formation of necrotic lesions that initially developed at the site of bacteria entry, with later developing chlorotic areas on leaves along the leaf veins. This finding of Xaj causing leaf blight symptoms on walnuts in Montenegro highlights its expanding distribution across Europe and indicates a potential threat to walnut plantations in Montenegro. Keywords: Juglans regia, detection, identification, pathogenicity, multi-locus sequence analysis Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 255-261 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/196/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/196/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:196-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Praphat Kawicha Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Genome and Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand Author-Name: Ladawan Rattanapolsan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Author-Name: Ratri Boonruangrod Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Author-Name: Yube Yamaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan Author-Name: Kusavadee Sangdee Author-Workplace-Name: Preclinical Group, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Author-Name: Aphidech Sangdee Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Author-Workplace-Name: Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Author-Name: Thanwanit Thanyasiriwat Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Genome and Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand Title: MaPep1 and MbPep1, as plant elicitor peptides in banana, confer resistance to banana blood disease caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis Abstract: Peptides play regulatory roles in various plant development and defence processes. They function as molecular messengers that detect threats and trigger defence responses. This study aimed to identify the genes encoding endogenous plant elicitor peptide precursors (PROPEPs) in bananas and their role in inducing resistance to Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis (Rsc). Two precursor genes, MaPROPEP1 and MbPROPEP1, were discovered and predicted to encode the precursor proteins of elicitor peptides, namely, MaPep1 and MbPep1. Both elicitor peptides contained 23 amino acids of the active elicitor peptide, which activated innate immune responses in banana resistance to Rsc. The disease assessment was conducted by inoculating banana plants with Rsc isolate MY4101 using the root-stabbing method. The results demonstrated that MaPep1 and MbPep1 pretreatment enhanced resistance to banana blood disease, as indicated by reduced disease severity and the absence of wilting for 7 days after infection. The expression of the MaPROPEP1, MbPROPEP1, MaLOX7, and Pr-10 genes was evaluated using qPCR and found to be upregulated by MaPep1 and MbPep1 injection followed by Rsc infection in aboveground banana tissues within 7 days. These findings prove that MaPep1 and MbPep1 are members of the Pep family and exhibit conserved functions across various plant species. This approach may be used to develop strategies for enhancing disease resistance in banana cultivation. Keywords: immunity, PROPEP genes, pathogenesis-related genes, plant immunity Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 262-277 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/179/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/179/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:179-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylwester Masny Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland Author-Name: Piotr Sobiczewski Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland Title: Comparison of the actual release dates of ascospores of the fungus Venturia inaequalis with those predicted by selected simulation models in an apple orchard in Central Poland Abstract: The research was conducted in 2014-2017 in a multi-cultivar apple orchard in the Experimental Orchard of the National Institute of Horticultural Research (IO-PIB) in Dąbrowice near Skierniewice. To determine the actual Venturia inaequalis ascospores release dates, the Burkard spore trap installed in a plot of the McIntosh cv. that was not protected against apple scab was used. Monitoring of ascospore releases was carried out annually, starting from the appearance of numerous colouring (maturing) ascospores in the pseudothecia (usually in the second decade of March) and ending at the second half of June, usually about two weeks after the last release of these spores. The sums of ascospores detected on a given day and their proportion in all ascospores recorded during primary infections were calculated. The obtained results formed the basis for the analysis of forecast indications of the A-scab, Metos (Metos® Pessl Instruments), and RIMpro-Venturia models in connection with meteorological data from the Metos weather station installed in this orchard and to compare them with the actual release dates recorded by the Burkard spore trap. Depending on the year, significant differences were found in the number and intensity of V. inaequalis ascospore releases and in their beginning and end dates. Keywords: apple scab, ascospore discharges, Malus, A-scab, Metos and RIMpro-Venturia models Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 278-290 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/103/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/103/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:103-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mostafa Ahmed El-Qurashi Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Fahad Al-Yahya Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Ali Almasrahi Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Adnan Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name: Section of Plant Nematology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India Title: Growth and resistance response of eleven eggplant cultivars to infection by the Javanese root-knot nematode - Meloidogyne javanica under greenhouse conditions Abstract: In Saudi Arabia, root-knot nematodes (RKNs) were found to cause considerable damage to eggplant. These parasites cause significant death of seedlings during nursery production, with infected plants showing the symptoms of chlorosis and wilting, along with the characteristic root galls. Therefore, this work was carried out to find a resistant cultivar of eggplant against RKNs in Saudi Arabia by screening 11 locally available cultivars for two successive seasons. Following Koch's postulates for pathogenicity, RKNs were isolated from infected eggplant, and females were identified morphologically by perineal patterns as Meloidogyne javanica, which was distinguished by clear lateral fields on both sides. Identification was confirmed using two species-specific primers (SCAR), Fjav/Rjav and MjF/MjR, and visualized amplified fragments appeared at 670 bp and 517 bp, respectively. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to screen the cultivars, using five replicates for each cultivar and nematode inoculum (1 000 second-stage juveniles). In response to M. javanica, gall index (GI), egg mass index (EMI), and reproduction factors (RF) were calculated, and all the eggplant cultivars were categorized according to their resistance levels based on RF. Among the 11 eggplant cultivars, four were found resistant to M. javanica including Black Beauty (C5, Bursa Tohum), Melanzana Violetta Difirenze (C6, Zorzi), Melanzana Violetta Lung 2 (C7, Zorzi), and Long Purple (C9, Bursa Tohum) and Violetta Lung 3 (C8, Taj Agri) was found highly resistant. Moreover, two cultivars were found moderately resistant, two susceptible, and two susceptible to M. javanica infection. Therefore, this study provided valuable information to eggplant growers about the resistant cultivars in Saudi Arabia. However, the molecular mechanisms of this resistance need to be evaluated to find novel candidate genes for breeding and CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing programs. Keywords: Solanum melongena, susceptibility, reproductive factor, galling index, ecofriendly nematode control Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 291-300 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/185/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/185/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:185-2024-PPS Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Fiala Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslav Holuša Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) as a new host of Pityokteines spinidens in the arboretum in Europe Abstract: Bark beetle Pityokteines spinidens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is widespread across Europe. We identified this species as a pest of Tsuga canadensis in western Bohemia's Americká zahrada National Nature Monument Arboretum. This discovery suggests that P. spinidens could infest any conifer within the Abietoideae subfamily. Given its status as a known pest of various Abies species, its potential impact on related conifers warrants further attention. Keywords: Abietoideae, Abies, bark beetle, urban forestry, pest Journal: Plant Protection Science Pages: 301-304 Volume: 61 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/203/2024-PPS File-URL: http://pps.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/203/2024-PPS.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pps-202503-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpps:v:61:y:2025:i:3:id:203-2024-PPS