Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Bojňanská Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovak Republic Author-Name: H. Frančáková Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovak Republic Title: The use of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) for baking applications Abstract: Five cultivars of spelt wheat (Rouquin, Bauländer Spelz, Schwabenkorn, Franckenkorn and Holstenkorn) have been evaluated for baking quality by means of direct and indirect indicators. Three-year values of the indirect indicators have been statistically processed by the analysis of variance. Based on the results obtained we can say that all evaluated indicators except the extensibility of gluten were significantly influenced mainly by the year of growing. The cultivar itself was a less important source of variance, although some values of important indicators differed significantly according to cultivars. Based on indirect indicators such as the content of wet gluten, its extensibility and swelling, the content of N-substances, the sedimentation test in the modification with SDS, the falling number and the content of starch, the cultivars Schwabenkorn and Rouquin are considered as the most suitable and of the highest quality. In general all the cultivars of Triticum spelta L. showed high contents of N-substances (x = 15.46%) and wet gluten contents (x = 37.12%). Their disadvantages are lower swelling values (x = 9.3 ml) and lower sedimentation values (x = 37.4 ml) which have a negative influence on the bread volume and the specific volume (under 310 ml.100 g-1). The predicted good baking quality of Schwabenkorn has been comfirmed in a baking experiment (direct method of evaluating the baking quality). There were good baking quality results for Bauländer Spelz as well. Unexpectedly bad results have been found with Rouquin, which showed the lowest water absorbing capacity of flour, the lowest bread volume, specific volume and baking extraction. The bread was just acceptable as far as taste is concerned. The baking from Holstenkorn was evaluated as excellent. Keywords: spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.), technological quality, baking quality Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 141-147 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4212-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4212-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4212-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Petr Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: F. Hnilička Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Changes in requirements on vernalization of winter wheat varieties in the Czech Republic in 1950-2000 Abstract: The need for vernalization of winter wheat varieties cultivated in the CzechRepublic in 2000 was studied in comparison with the need for vernalization in the past decades since 1950. In 2000, many foreign varieties were cultivated in the Czech Republic, mostly West European. Varieties with a vernalization of 40-50 days and 50-60 days show the highest representation in the assortment (47.3% and 31.6%, resp.). The share of varieties with a long vernalization over 60 days is 15.8%. In around 1990, when varieties of domestic breeding were mostly grown, there were, next to the largest group with a vernalization of 40-50 days, 21.7% of varieties with a vernalization of 30-40 days and the same amount with a vernalization of 50-60 days. During the last ten years, the share of varieties with a longer vernalization has risen, not only due to foreign varieties, but also due to new domestic varieties. It is apparent from a 50-year overview that what has predominated are varieties with a vernalization of 40-50 or 40-60 days, which is a range usual for winter varieties of wheat in Middle and West Europe. After 1950, a departure from original domestic varieties appeared; those were represented by original alternative varieties (in Czech přesívky, in German Wechselweizen, in Russian dvuručki) and half-winter varieties with a shorter vernalization, strictly speaking with a vernalization fixed to a short day, and a strong photoperiodic reaction. Representation of varieties as related to their length of vernalization has changed in the course of the decades following utilization of foreign varieties; this was affected above all by varieties from Russia (the former USSR), Germany, but also Yugoslavia. Varieties from these countries were utilized also as parent components in domestic breeding. Keywords: winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., varieties, vernalization, individual development, winter character Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 148-153 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4213-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4213-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4213-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Šroller Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Pulkrábek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Novák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Faměra Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: The effect of perennial forage crop on grain yields in submontane regions Abstract: The structure of crop production (areas under crops, crop yields, fertilization) in 15 agricultural farms in potato-production and mountain regions of the Czech Republic was analyzed to evaluate the relations between NPK fertilization level, percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land and grain yields as the basic indicator of crop production output. A multifactor analysis based on simple regression equations indicated direct relations between the two above-mentioned factors and yield. Correlation and regression analyses demonstrated a close correlation between grain yields and percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land especially when lower nutrient rates in fertilizers were used (below 100 kg NPK.ha arable land). This relation was expressed for the whole set of initial data by the equation: Grain yield t.ha-1 = log2 (NPK rate in kg.ha-1 arable land + X% of perennial forage crops). The coefficient of perennial forage crop effect (X) in the range of 0-1.47 can be explained by soil enrichment with nitrogen, mobilization of other nutrients, improvement of soil structure and reduction in the weed infestation of soil. The effect of perennial forage crops on grain yield increase was quantified (estimated) from the whole set of data using the above equation at X = 0 by the value +0.42 t.ha-1. The yield increase per 1 kg NPK.ha-1 of arable land amounts to 0.0501 t.ha-1, i.e. every 1% of forage crops on arable land increases the grain yield by 0.023 t.ha-1 within the set. The relation between actual and theoretical yield of the whole set is demonstrated by correlation coefficient (r = 0.9332) if the effect of perennial forage crops is estimated by coefficient X = 0.95, if the effect is estimated by coefficient X = 1.47, the correlation coefficient is even higher (r = 0.9977). Keywords: marginal regions, grain yields, NPK fertilization, percentage of perennial forage crops Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 154-158 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4214-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4214-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4214-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kopeć Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University of Krakow, Poland Title: Causes of mountain meadow soil chemical degradation in long-term fertiliser experiment Abstract: The fertilising experiment was set up in 1968 on the mountain meadow (720 m a.s.l.) in Czarny Potok near Krynica (20°8' E, 49°4' N). The experiment was conducted on the acid Cambi soil and comprised objects fertilised with two nitrogen forms and two doses against the background of PK fertilisation, the untreated object, and plots with unilateral P and N fertilisation. The paper concerns 30 years of investigations (1968-1997) of the effect of different NPK fertilisation on the dynamic of yields and the meadow sward quality against a background of the same treatments. The dynamic of the botanical composition was presented as well as the dynamic of the grassland yield potential with systematic mineral fertilisation and liming. The application of nitrogen fertilisation with the rate of 90 N.ha-1 + PK under mountain conditions and systematic liming of the meadow enables to maintain or increase production over the long period, to decrease the production risk and to prevent degradation of the environment and natural resources. Keywords: long-term experiment, mountain meadow, fertilisation, sward yields, botanical composition Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 159-166 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4215-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4215-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4215-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Šimunić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: I. Tomić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: Z. Ostojić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Title: Concentration and leaching of atrazine into drainage water in Gleyic Podzoluvisol Abstract: The research objective was to investigate the influence of different pipe drainage systems on the concentration and quantity of atrazine leached in drainage water, as well as in surface (0-30 cm) and sub-surface (30-60 cm) soil horizons in the production of agricultural crops on drained Gleyic Podzoluvisol. Investigations involved four different variants of drainpipe spacing (15, 20, 25 and 30 m, i.e. four variants in four repetitions). In a particular trial year, the same crop was grown and the same agricultural practices applied in all trial variants. Maize was grown in the first two trial years and wheat in the last year. Soil and water samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for the presence of atrazine by gas chromatography. Atrazine concentrations in drainage water ranged from those within the limits tolerated for drinking water (out of the growing season) up to 458 ng.dm-3. Maximum quantity of leached atrazine was recorded in 1998 (0.500 g.ha-1), namely, from atrazine application in May 1997 to March 1998 incl., 0.630 g.ha-1 or 0.052% of the initially added quantity was leached. Maximum atrazine concentration in the surface soil layer was recorded in traces or it was not recorded at all (0.013 mg.kg-1), whereas no atrazine was recorded in the subsurface layer during the trial period. Analysis of variance produced no statistically significant difference in the atrazine concentration and leaching in drainage water and in the surface soil layer between different variants of pipe drainpipe spacing. Keywords: atrazine concentration, drainage water, drained Gleyic Podzoluvisol, leaching Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 167-174 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4216-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4216-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4216-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Zukalová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Vašák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: The role and effects of glucosinolates of Brassica species - a review Abstract: Glucosinolates are the substituted esters of thio amino acids and their synthesis is based on the corresponding amino acids. Methionine and cysteine are the natural donors in the case of the Brassica plants and L-tryptophane in the indole glucosinolates, respectively. In Brassica genus, alkenyl glucosinolates are mostly present and their content and composition differ as far as the development stage and the part of the plant are concerned. The indole glucosinolates are present in a minority level. Their role of sulphur supply is questioned by their very low content between 2% in the beginning of vegetation and 0.1% in its end. Glucosinolates are discussed mostly from the aspect of their anti-nutrition, anti-microbial, anti-fungicidal, and anti-bacterial effects and as being natural bio-fumigants. Their decomposition products have the mentioned properties. The products originate by prepared passive protection by the two-component system. From the aspect of these properties, it is useful to divide them into the following three groups according to the characters of their decomposition products. The first group (I.), whose hydrolysis in the neutral and alkaline environment creates iso-thio-cyanates. These bioactive compounds form the natural protection of the plant with bio-fumigatory effects particularly. Their anti-nutritive effects can be compensated by iodine, contrary to the second group (II.). This group is created by hydroxy-glucosinolates, whose decomposition products - iso-thio-cyanates - are not stable and they cycle while producing substituted 2-oxazolidinethione (goitrine - VTO). These glucosinolates represent a serious problem in feed industry since the VTO has a strong goitrogenic property. The third group (III.) - glucosinolates containing the indole group or the benzene ring (Sinalbin), create thio-cyanates during their hydrolysis. The role of indole glucosinolates has not been completely clarified so far. Their anti-carcinogenic effects are studied and they fulfil the role of an active protection. Keywords: Brassica genus, glucosinolates, biosynthesis, hydrolysis, iso-thio-cyanates, physiological function, anti-nutritive effects, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial and anti-fungicidal properties Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 175-180 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4217-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4217-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4217-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Zukalová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Vašák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Nerad Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Štranc Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: The role of glucosinolates of Brassica genus in the crop system Abstract: Glucosinolates with Brassica genus as secondary metabolites have a lot of functions and effects. Glucosinolates form less than 2% of the overall sulphur content at the beginning of vegetation in different parts of the plants and during growth their content is decreasing and forms less than 0.1%. This low representation doubts their storage function. With its chemical composition, they are ranked among natural pesticides with active and passive resistance against diseases and pests. They show repellent effects and properties of natural biofumigators in soil after ploughing in their biomass as green fertilizing, or after ploughing in after harvest the leftovers of rape. The principle of these effects is decomposition products of glucosinolates - bioactive isothiocyanates. Very important from this point of view are turnip rape Rex and Brassica juncea, whose content of these compounds is the highest one and they are resistant against the attack of Ceutorrhynchus pleurostigma. The same effect showed also when attacked by Phoma lingam. With other winter Brassicas either hybrid or linea and summer rape is this defensive system suppressed because of their lowered content due to breeding interferences, leading to limitation of their anti-nutritional negative effects. It is possible to state the final result after finding out the production of the above matter, roots, and after evaluation of the sorbal characteristics of the soil and evaluation of the state of health of the following crop or vegetable. After this overall analysis, it will be possible to evaluate the biofumigation properties of accessible varieties of the Brassica genus. Keywords: glucosinolates, sulphur, biocides, biofumigants, Brassica juncea, turnip rape, winter rape, summer rape, Ceutorrhynchus pleurostigma, Phoma lingam Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 181-189 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4218-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4218-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4218-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Kožnarová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Klabzuba Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Recommendation of World Meteorological Organization to describing meteorological or climatological conditions - Information Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 190-192 Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4219-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4219-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200204-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:4:id:4219-PSE