Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Kolář Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Èeské Budìjovice Workplace, Author-Name: J. Gergel Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Èeské Budìjovice Workplace, Author-Name: M. Šindelářová Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Èeské Budìjovice Workplace, Author-Name: S. Kužel Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Èeské Budìjovice Workplace, Title: Impact of farming intensity reduction in the Šumava foothills region on changes in soil organic matter and surface water quality Abstract: Samples of soils and surface waters were analysed in the Šumava foothills region in nine watersheds with an area 78.5 km2 in 1986-1987 and in 2001. Lower intensity of fertilization and liming and other changes in Czech agriculture were found to result in a decrease in the content of cold and hot water soluble carbon (Cw and Chws) in the soil; the content of biologically decomposable matter expressed as BOD5 and BODt of water extract of soil also decreased. The values of rate constants k of BOD kinetics of soil suspension indicate that the most valuable fast decomposable organic matter in the soils of this region have practically been mineralized to HCO3-, which are gradually eluted from soils and their increased amounts are present in surface waters. On the contrary, the transport of N-NO3- decreased to 66.3% of the value in 1986, that of N-NH4+ to 7.1% while the ratios C:N and N:P increased as a result of lower P elution in relation to lower N elution. CODMn showing the proportion of readily decomposable matter increased. A decrease in conductivity, i.e. in the content of dissolved salts in waters, was highly significant. These results warn against an optimistic interpretation of surface water analyses that indicate positive impacts of farming intensity reduction on the landscape. The results in the Šumava foothills region demonstrate that a major part of the most valuable components of soil productivity, decomposable organic matter, has already been decomposed, so their content in the soil has decreased. Natural sources (roots, root exudates, plant residues) are not able to ensure an equilibrium balance of these valuable matters at a lower farming intensity. Keywords: organic matter, relationship between soil and surface waters, interpretation of analyses, changes in farming intensity, watershed Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 377-381 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4383-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4383-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4383-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Voříšek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: L. Růžek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Svobodová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Šantrůček Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Strnadová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: E. Popelářová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: The influence of grassing and harvest management on microbial parameters after arable land setting-aside Abstract: During the years 1998-2000 soil chemical (Corg, Nt, pH), textural (sand, silt clay) and microbiological (microbial biomass carbon - CMB, microbial extracellular carbon - CEX, respiration, ammonification, nitrification) characteristics were tested on grassed chernozem [mollisol] after arable land setting-aside. Different harvest management was also tested: black and green fallow, one or two mulching per year, three cuts with plant biomass removal. For the evaluation of the influence of management and plants we have used three main criteria: (1) µg CMB/g dry soil, (2) ratio CMB/Corg (%), (3) µg CEX/mg CMB or eight criteria respectively: (4) ratio of measured and model values of CMB, (5) ratio of measured and model values of CEX/CMB, (6) potential respiration with glucose, (7) potential ammonification with peptone and (8) potential nitrification with (NH4)2SO4. According to these criteria, the best harvest management after arable land setting-aside from 5 different systems, which were tested, could be based on one or two mulching per year. It could be stressed that the two mulching was evaluated as the best in sum of dry mass yield (27.5 for mixtures, 20.1 for legumes and 14.2 for grasses - in t/ha/3 years). The use of legumes (Trifolium repens L. - Medicago lupulina L. - Lotus corniculatus L. - Medicago media Pers.) or grasses [Bromus catharticus Vahl - Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Presl - Festuca pratensis Huds - Dactylis aschersoniana Graebn.] as cover plants was more successful than the use of their mixtures. Keywords: arable land setting-aside, grassed chernozem [mollisol], Bromus catharticus Vahl, Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Presl, Festuca pratensis Huds, Dactylis aschersoniana Graebn., fallow, legumes, Trifolium repens L., Medicago lupulina L., Lotus corniculatus L., Medicago media Pers., microbial biomass carbon, extracellular microbial carbon, soil biological activity, respiration, ammonification, nitrification, criteria for top-soil ranking Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 382-388 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4384-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4384-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4384-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Malý Author-Workplace-Name: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: B. Šarapatka Author-Workplace-Name: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Kršková Author-Workplace-Name: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Seasonal variability in soil N mineralization and nitrification as influenced by N fertilization Abstract: Parameters characterizing N mineralization and nitrification were measured in soils of ten monitoring areas of the basal soil monitoring carried out by the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture. A remarkable seasonal cycle was found only for nitrate concentrations that reached their maxima in the spring (April-June), and late summer and/or autumn, starting in August. Ammonium ions were nitrified immediately after fertilizer application. Anaerobic N mineralization represented a variable parameter, which was not directly affected by mineral N fertilizers. Nitrification measured by means of one-week incubation was significantly stimulated by N fertilizers confirming that substrate availability was a limiting factor of this process. Short-term nitrification activity (SNA) showed no remarkable seasonal fluctuations, which meant that the potential nitrification rate remained relatively constant during the season. Urease activity was mostly constant during the year and was only slightly related to N mineralization. Keywords: soil, N mineralization, nitrification, N fertilizers, seasonal variability Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 389-396 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4385-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4385-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4385-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: O. Mikanová Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Nováková Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of the P-solubilizing activity of soil microorganisms and its sensitivity to soluble phosphate Abstract: Microbial solubilization of hardly soluble mineral phosphates in soil is an important process in natural ecosystems and in agricultural soils. Regulation of the P-solubilizing activity by the presence of soluble phosphates in medium was determined. For this reason we decided to test a number of soil bacteria showing a high P-solubilizing activity for its sensitivity to the presence of soluble dihydrogen potassium phosphate in medium. At these studies, the direct determination of the solubilized phosphate in medium was masked by the presence of relatively high concentrations of soluble phosphate added. Therefore, we have modified the method, determining the residual tricalcium phosphate. The effect of soluble phosphate in medium on the P-solubilizing activity of rhizosphere isolates and strains of Rhizobium were tested in liquid cultures with the addition of various concentrations of soluble KH2PO4. The medium was filtered after incubation and the remaining tricalcium phosphate was separated by filtration. Filter papers with the remaining tricalcium phosphate were hydrolysed with 2N H2SO4. Phosphorus was determined spectrophotometrically. The P-solubilizing activity was expressed as a difference between the tricalcium phosphate added and its remainder after the incubation. These results fully confirmed that there exist the strains, whose P-solubilizing activity is inhibited and other strains, whose P-solubilizing activity is not inhibited or is inhibited very little in the presence of soluble phosphate. The use of our adapted method was much more suitable for this type of experiments. Keywords: soil phosphorus, solubilization of phosphate, P-solubilizing microorganisms Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 397-400 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4386-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4386-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4386-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Šimunić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: F. Tomić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: I. Kisić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: M. Romić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Title: The content of Pb, Zn and Cd in hydroameliorated soil and drainage water and their uptake by plants Abstract: The goal of the investigations was to assess the average contents of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cd) in the surface soil layer (0-30 cm), in drainage water and their uptake by growing plants, in the experimental amelioration field for four different variants of drainpipe spacing (15, 20, 25 and 30 m) during the three-year period. Maize and winter wheat were grown in all variants throughout the trial period. In all variants of drainpipe spacing, heavy metals in soil, drainage water and plant material were within the limits. The highest average level of Pb was 13.5 mg/kg, Zn 88 mg/kg and Cd 0.7 mg/kg in soil. Drainage water concentration of heavy metals was below 50 µg/dm3 for Pb, below 2 µg/dm3 for Cd, while the highest average value of Zn amounted to 20 µg/dm3. In grain of the crops grown, the concentration of Pb was below 0.4 mg.kg-1 and that of Cd below 0.1 mg/kg. Keywords: heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd), drainage water, plants, hydroameliorated Gleyic Podzoluvisol Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 401-406 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4387-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4387-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4387-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Štekauerová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Author-Name: J. Skalová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Author-Name: J. Šútor Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Title: Using of pedotransfer functions for assessment of hydrolimits Abstract: Soil hydrologic coefficients, also called hydrolimits, are soil water contents defined for certain values of water potentials. Closer attention is paid to three hydrolimits: field capacity, point of decreased availability, and wilting point. The hydrolimits can be found by various ways. Their assessment under natural conditions should be seen as laboratory assessment of hydrolimit values or use of soil water retention curves for reading of hydrolimits. Therefore, some methods for indirect assessment of the water retention curve from actually mapped soil characteristics such as soil texture, bulk density and calcium content were devised. They are generally called pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Aim of the study is to calculate values of some important hydrolimits using PTFs. The hydrolimits calculated by this way are compared to hydrolimits determined from another measured water retention curves. The presented study documents an efficiency and promptness of PTFs use for a region of interest for dynamics evaluation of water storage in the soil aeration zone considering the water supply of plants. Keywords: water storage, hydrolimit, water retention curve, pedotransfer function Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 407-412 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4388-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4388-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4388-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Szczukowski Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: J. Tworkowski Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: A. Klasa Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: M. Stolarski Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Title: Productivity and chemical composition of wood tissues of short rotation willow coppice cultivated on arable land Abstract: In the period 1996-1999 field trial was performed in Obory near Kwidzyn on heavy textured Fluvisols. The experiment was aimed to determine yield, chemical composition, heat value of wood of six genotypes of willow coppice in relation to cutting frequency and on determining the costs and profitability of willow production on arable land for purposes of energy generation. Yield of wood dry matter in one-year cutting cycle amounted to 14.09 t/ha/year 1 and significantly increased to 16.05 and 21.55 t/ha/year when harvesting was performed in two and three years cycle, respectively. The highest yield was found for Salix viminalis 082 form cut in three years cycle and it amounted to 26.44 t/ha/year 1. Stems of Salix sp. cut every three years showed the lowest water content (46.05%), high heat value 19.56 MJ/kg dry matter and the highest content of cellulose (55.94%), lignins (13.79%) and hemicelluloses (13.96%). High yielding potential of Salix sp. and high content of cellulose and lignin in wood make this crop very prosperous as a feedstock for bioenergy production. The highest profit from the willow plantation was obtained in case of harvest every three years at 578.76 EUR/ha/year. Keywords: arable land, coppice willow, cutting frequency, yield of wood dry matter, heat value, chemical composition, bioenergy, profit Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 413-417 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4389-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4389-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4389-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Antunović Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding, Osijek, Croatia Author-Name: D. Rastija Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding, Osijek, Croatia Author-Name: M. Pospišil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding, Osijek, Croatia Title: Effect of soil potassium on yield and quality of diverse sugar beet genotypes Abstract: Aiming at determination differences in leaf and root potassium concentration of diverse sugar beet genotypes as well as its effect on sugar beet root quality and yield. Investigations comprising 15 sugar beet genotypes (five multigerm lines, five hybrids and five monogerm lines) were carried out on two soil types (Calcic luvisol: L-1 and L-3 and Calcic gleysol: L-2 and L-4) during two growing seasons. Root yield of the investigated genotypes on Calcic luvisol (50 t/ha) was higher, than on Calcic gleysol (34 t/ha). In general, multigerm lines were known for the highest leaf potassium concentration (2.75%), lowest root one (3.78 mmol/100 g root), highest sugar content (13.8%) and best root extractable sugar (1.5%). Monogerm lines had the lowest leaf potassium concentration (2.51%), highest root one (4.24 mmol/100 g root), lowest sugar content (12.9%), and the poorest extractable sugar (10.7%). Root yield of the investigated hybrids (48 t/ha) was higher by 16% compared to multigerm lines yield (42 t/ha) and as much as 35% higher compared to monogerm lines (36 t/ha). Sugar beet root potassium was in significantly negative correlation with sugar content at three localities (L-1: r = -0.485**, L-2: r = -0.096, L-3: r = -0.687**, L-4: r = -0.337**) whereas at all four localities it was in negative correlation with extractable sugar (L-1: r = -0.634**, L-2: r = -0.407**, L-3: r = -0.930**, L-4: r = -0.749**). Potassium concentration in sugar beet leaf was in significant positive correlation with sugar content at three localities (L-1: r = 0.382**, L-2: r = 0.231, L-3: r = 0.717**, L-4: r = 0.516**). Keywords: sugar beet, potassium, genotype, monogerm line, multigerm line, hybrid, yield, quality Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 418-423 Volume: 48 Issue: 9 Year: 2002 DOI: 10.17221/4390-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4390-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200209-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:48:y:2002:i:9:id:4390-PSE