Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Kubát Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Klír Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Pova Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Title: The dry nitrogen yields nitrogen uptake, and the efficacy on nitrogen fertilisation in long-term experiment in Prague Abstract: Long-term field experiments conducted under different soil and climate conditions and their databases provide invaluable information and are indispensable means in the study of the productivity and sustainability of the soil management systems. We evaluated the results of the dry matter yields of the main products obtained with four variants of organic and mineral fertilisation in three long-term field experiments established in 1955. The experiments differed in the cultivated crops. The period of evaluation was 12 and 16 years (1985-2000), respectively. The productivity of nine-year crop rotation was lower with the fertilised variants than that with the alternative growing of spring wheat and sugar beets. The dry matter yields on the Nil variants, however, were higher in the crop rotation than in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, apparently due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The dry matter yields of sugar beet and mainly of spring wheat declined in almost all variants of fertilisation in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, over the evaluated time period. In spite of the relatively high dry matter production, the declining yields indicated a lower sustainability of the alternate cropping system. Both organic and mineral fertilisation increased the production of the cultivated crops. The differences in the average dry matter yields were statistically significant. Both organic and mineral fertilisation enhanced significantly the N-uptake by the cultivated crops. The effectivity of nitrogen input was the highest with the alternate cropping of sugar beet and spring wheat indicating that it was more demanding for the external N-input and thus less sustainable than nine-year crop rotation. Keywords: long-term field experiments, crop yields, nitrogen uptake, crop rotation, organic and mineral fertilisation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 337-345 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4134-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4134-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4134-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Růžek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Voříšek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Vráblíková Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Strnadová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Vráblík Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Chemical and biological characteristics of reclaimed soils in the Most ŕegion (Czecg Reooublic) Abstract: Soil organic carbon content [Corg], pHH2O, pHKCl and microbiological characteristics (microbial biomass carbon [CMB], extracellular microbial carbon [CEX], respiration, ammonification, and nitrification) were studied in 11 reclaimed soils, where the technical reclamation was carried out by Most Coal Mining Company in the year 2000 or 2001. These soils were immediately sown with legumes and grasses. Corg content in soil was rather wide ranging between 0.15-4.82%. The lowest value was determined in loess applied in the year 2001 at the locality No. 6 Mine Most, and the highest one at the locality No. 5 Mine Most amended with pulp wastes and sewage sludge (400 t and 200 t per hectare, respectively). pHKCl was in the range: 5.1-7.4. Six indicators of microbial status and metabolic activity of living micro-organisms, were used for the evaluation of the reclamation technology, i.e. (1) μg CMB/g dry soil, (2) μg CEX/mg CMB, (3) ratio CMB/Corg in per cent (4), potential respiration with glucose, (5) potential ammonification with peptone, (6) potential nitrification with (NH4)2SO4. The best results were found in the locality No. 5 Mine Most (reclaimed in 2000) amended with pulp wastes and sewage sludge (400 t and 200 t per hectare, respectively). The lowest values characterised the locality No. 1 Mine Slatenice (reclaimed in 2000) with a high content of coal powder and the lowest pHKCl (5.1). The use of mycorrhizal inoculum SYMBIVIT resulted in a high biological activity in the locality No. 11 Mine ___ that was the best among soils reclaimed in 2001. Keywords: reclaimed soils, microbial biomass, extracellular microbial carbon, respiration, ammonification, nitrification, mycorrhizal inoculum, pulp wastes, sewage sludge Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 346-351 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4135-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4135-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4135-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Števlíková Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: J. Vjatráková Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: S. Javoreková Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: S. Mátéová Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia Title: Effect of land management without farmyard manure application on the amount and the ectivity of soil microbial biomass Abstract: Four kinds of cereal crops were grown without farmyard manure application. The effect of farmyard manure was supposed to be replaced by post-harvest residues (PH treatment) or by ploughing the total by-product, i.e. straw (PZ treatment) into soil. After seven years of application, this soil farming system did not influence the contents of Cox and Nt in soil. The amount of organic carbon had declined after the first year, but in the following years it remained at the same level (1.2%). The total nitrogen content increased from 0.143 to 0.166% without any considerable difference between the treatments. The amount of microbial biomass (Cmic) in PH treatment had been varying and in 2000 it decreased approximately by a half (from 215.96 to 132.00 mg C/kg of soil dry matter). The input of organic matter due to ploughing the whole by-product (PZ treatment) into soil acted favourably and the value of Cmic in 2000 was quite comparable with the average values of the individual years of 1994-1997. This land management and cereal growing caused a reduction of the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon (Cmic/Corg). In the year 2000, the values decreased from 2.59 to 1.09% and from 2.88 to 1.82% in PH and PZ treatments, respectively. The amount of the biologically releasable nitrogen (Nbiol) and the intensity of nitrification were the highest in the year 2000. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.474) between the Nbiol values and biomass amount values in PZ treatment, and a very close negative one (r = -0.972) in PH treatment. This relation became strong in both treatments when the values Cmic/Corg and Nbiol were compared, i.e. rPH = -0.863 and rPZ = -0.921. The results confirmed that the amount and the quality of organic matter influence microbial biomass and its activity which is responsible for the nutrient release. Keywords: biologically releasable nitrogen, microbial biomass, nitrification, plant residues, stagno-gleyic Luvisol, organic carbon Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 352-358 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4136-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4136-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4136-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Šimon Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzynì, Czech Republic Title: Utilization of the biological nitrogen fixation for soil evaluation Abstract: Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation (potential nitrogenase activity - PNA) of soil samples originating from different plots of long-term field experiments (selected variants: Nil, NPK [mineral fertilisation: 64.6-100 kg N/ha/year], FYM [farmyard manure], and FYM + NPK from three blocks III, IV and B with different crop rotation) was determined in laboratory experiments. The symbiotic nitrogen fixation (total nitrogenase activity - TNA) of the same soil samples was evaluated in hydroponic experiments with pea (2001, 2002) and lucerne (2001) in which the soil samples were used as a natural inoculum. The high values of PNA were found in the variants fertilised with FYM in all three blocks and all experiments. Simultaneously, the variants fertilised with mineral NPK reached low values of PNA. The farmyard manuring enhanced the number of free-living bacteria Azotobacter spp. that were identified in all soil samples. In the hydroponic experiments with pea, the highest nonsignificant values of TNA were found in variants B 284 (FYM + NPK) and III 254 (FYM + NPK) in 2001, and B 214 (FYM) and III 214 (FYM) in 2002. Plants inoculated with soil from these variants formed also high amounts of nodules (significant differences in block IV in 2001) and plant biomass. In the experiments with lucerne, the nonsignificantly highest TNA values were found in variant III 154 (NPK). Variants from block III (214, 254) and IV (114 and 154) showed the nonsignificantly lowest TNA values. The rhizobia that effectuate symbiosis with pea were more active in the soil samples in 2001 than those forming nodules on lucerne. Keywords: long-term field experiments, non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, pea, lucerne Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 359-363 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4137-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4137-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4137-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Lanta Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Èeské Budìjovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Havránek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Èeské Budìjovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Ondřej Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Èeské Budìjovice, Czech Republic Title: Morphometry analysis and seed germination of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid (A. × turicensis) Abstract: A morphometric study of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid, A. × turicensis based on 75 plant samples (750 inflorescences), collected throughout the Olomouc-Holice area (Czech Republic), is presented. Using multivariete methods (including cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis), the existence of three groupings of plants was proven. The hybrid exhibited intermediate values of the width and length of female tepals, length of awl-shaped bracts, and seed size when compared with parental species. A germination experiment showed that dark seeds of A. × turicensis as well as dark seeds of A. retroflexus germinate scarcely and independently on the day length while light seeds of A. cruentus germinate promptly and markedly better under a short day regime. The chromosome analysis showed that A. retroflexus, A. cruentus, and A. × turicensis have the same chromosome number 34. Keywords: amaranth, chromosome, morphological characteristics, seed germination, spontaneous hybrids Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 364-369 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4138-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4138-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4138-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Lachman Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Hamouz Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: A. Hejtmánek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Dudjak Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Orsák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Pivec Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Effect of white fleece on the selected quality parameters of early potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers Abstract: The effects were tested of white fleece on the contents of ascorbic acid, nitrates, and polyphenols in 1999 and 2000, and on the carotenoids content in 2000 and 2001 intubers of two early potato varieties (Adora and Impala) in field trials on two cultivation sites (Přerov n/Labem and Prague-Troja). Early irrigated potatoes were cultivated according to the uniform methodology for field trials. Two variants were compared - cultivated plants covered with white fleece (Pegas-Agro UV 17) and the controls without any covering. The tubers were harvested three times in intervals of 7-16 days. The results were statistically tested by ANOVA and Tukey's methods. Ascorbic acid content showed a tendency to higher values in the potatoes covered with white fleece as compared with the control samples (average increase by 12.3%). The effect of the fleece was significantly affected by the potato genotype and the year of cultivation (cv. Adora showed a content higher by 12.54% in comparison with the control). The tendency to reduce nitrate levels was observed in potato tubers cultivated under the fleece, especially in the second term of harvest (on average by 14.34%). The decrease between the first and the third term of harvest was apparent. The higher was the maturity of potato tubers, the lower nitrate content was found. Significant differences were found between the varieties (P = 0.0058) and the cultivation sites (P = 0.0399). The effect of white fleece on polyphenol content was not statistically significant. However, the effect of the year of cultivation on the polyphenols content was significant (P = 0.0094). The effect of white fleece on the carotenoids content was not statistically significant but a tendency to lower contents in the variant with white fleece was found (by 7.2%). The sites and the varieties affected the carotenoids contents significantly (P = 0.0028 and P = 0.0417, respectively). Keywords: potato tuber quality, white fleece, ascorbic acid, nitrates, polyphenols, carotenoids Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 370-377 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4139-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4139-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4139-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S.P. Sah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal Author-Name: C.K. Sharma Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal Author-Name: F. Schested Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal Title: Possible role of the soil in the sissoo forest (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in the Nepal terai Abstract: This paper deals with the recent sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in the plain land (locally called as terai) of Nepal. This study has made an attempt to find the possible causal factor of this decline. The study has made some initiative in this aspect and has made a comparative study of 30 different sissoo forest (both natural and plantation) stands. The symptoms of the sissoo decline were found to be varied. But in most of cases, the top dying of crown was found to be the most prevalent. The top dying starts from the top of the tree and progressively proceeds downwards to the stem. The leaves become yellow. Until now, it has been assumed that only the plantation forests have been affected but this study observed the sissoo decline also in natural forest sites. We analysed various components of physical soil characteristics and we did not find any correlation between the physical soil factors and the sissoo decline. We concluded from this study that the soil is not the sole responsible factor involved in the sissoo decline Furthermore, this paper discusses various aspects of the sissoo decline and possible causal factors concerned. Finally, future management strategies regarding the sissoo management are suggested. Keywords: sissoo forest, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., soils, pathogens Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 378-385 Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4140-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4140-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200308-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:8:id:4140-PSE