Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Procházková Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Hrubý Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Dovrtěl Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Dostál Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Title: Effects of different organic amendment on winter wheat yields under long-term continuous cropping Abstract: The observations were conducted on chernozem soil in a sugar-beet production region in 1971-2002. Six variants of organic amendment were examined: l - straw harvest, 2 - straw harvest + green manuring, 3 - straw incorporation, 4 - straw incorporation + green manuring, 5 - straw burning, 6 - straw burning till 1977 + intercrop, incorporation of farmyard manure at 10 t/ha since 1978. The effect of organic amendment on winter wheat continuous cropping was statistically significant. On average of the whole period (32 years), the highest yields were produced in variants with straw burning (var. 5) - 6.04 t/ha and with green manuring (var. 2) - 6.03 t/ha, and lower yields in variants with straw incorporation into soil (var. 3) - 5.65 t/ha, (var. 4) - 5.67 t/ha. The smallest differences between variants were found in the first decade of the experiment. Over time (in the second and third decades), the differences increased and positive effects of green manuring and straw burning and adverse effects of straw incorporation into soil increased. The yield level of winter wheat continuous cropping was high under the given conditions. The yield for the whole period of the experiment averaged 5.85 t/ha, the yields 5.19, 6.54 and 5.76 t/ha were obtained in the first, second and third decade, respectively. Keywords: winter wheat, long-term continuous cropping, straw management, green manuring, farmyard manuring, grain yield Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 433-438 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4153-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4153-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4153-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Věchet Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Development of powdery mildew and leaf rust epidemics in winter wheat cultivars Abstract: Development of powdery mildew and leaf rust epidemics was examined on three winter wheat cultivars with different predispositions to powdery mildew in three-year experiments. The progress of powdery mildew and leaf rust on the same cultivar was conditioned by its dissimilar susceptibility to the respective disease. Fit temperature played an important role at the beginning of the particular disease and during its progress. Significant differences in the disease severity of powdery mildew and leaf rust were recorded on single leaves. Disease severity of leaf rust was higher on upper leaves while disease severity of powdery mildew was higher on lower leaves. Keywords: winter wheat, powdery mildew, leaf rust, disease severity, temperature Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 439-442 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4154-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4154-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4154-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Ehrenbergerová Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Vaculová Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Psota Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Havlová Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Šerhantová Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Title: Effects of cropping system and genotype on variability in important phytonutrients kontent of the barley grain for direct food use Abstract: In a four-year period (1997-2000), selected phytonutrients, of which the beta-glucan content is most important for human health, were studied in caryopses of different types of barley varieties and lines (standard, waxy, hulless) from two cropping systems. It was significantly highest in the waxy variety Washonubet (4.93%). The whole group of waxy types of barley showed a significantly higher mean content of beta-glucans (4.75%) than the varieties with standard starch composition (4.12%), the starch content, however, was significantly higher in standard varieties (61.98%) than in waxy types (60.30%). The hulless varieties, however, had a significantly higher mean starch content (61.73%) than the hulled forms (61.07%) and a significantly higher protein content (13.82% versus 13.00%). The hulless intensive varieties and lines had a significantly higher content of beta-glucans (4.34%) and protein (13.95%) than the hulled intensive varieties (4.07%, 12.65%). Chemical treatment and fertilization increased significantly only the mean content of protein in caryopses (13.77%) compared to the variants with the absence of treatment (13.13%), the content of beta-glucans and starch increased insignificantly (by 0.12% and 0.27%). Years and varieties participated most in the variability of starch content (31.67%, 28.08%), varieties in the content of beta-glucans and protein (per 22%), and (21%) the interaction of varieties and years in the variability of these two nutrients. Keywords: spring barley, waxy, hulled, hulless, beta-glucan, protein, starch, cropping systems Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 443-450 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4155-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4155-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4155-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Hřivna Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Title: The effect of a fungicide application on the yield and quality of barley grain and malt Abstract: In small-plot field trials conducted in 2000-2002 we studied the effect of fungicides on the yield and selected technological parameters of grain of malt barley and on malt. For the treatment we used Cerelux (active ingredients: fenpropimorph, flusilazole), Amistar (azoxystrobin) and Caramba (metconazole) applied in two stages of stand development (DC 47 and 55). Compared to the untreated control plants the yield grains ranged between 6.9 and 16.5% after the application of fungicides. The application of fungicides increased the proportion of full grains and had a favourable effect on the chemical composition of grain. After the treatment with azoxystrobin the content of N-substances decreased from 11.43 to 11.07% as compared to the controls. The highest starch content of grain was observed after the application of the active ingredient metconazole; the average content ranged between 64.44 and 64.62%. Compared to the controls the highest relative yield of malt starch (124.2-125.2%) was achieved after the application of azoxystrobin or a combination of azoxystrobin and metconazole in the DC 47 stage. The highest average attainable degree of fermentation was 78.57% and was discovered in the untreated control. Keywords: malt barley, malt, fungicide, yields, grain quality Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 451-456 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4156-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4156-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4156-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Koutná Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Cerkal Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Zimolka Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Title: Modification of crop management and its influence on the structure of yield and duality of spring barley grain Abstract: In 1998-2000, in a multi-factorial field experiment established by the method of split blocks and subplots, we studied the effect of three systems of beet tops management, two sowing rates and two levels of N fertilization and the effect of interactions of the factors on production and qualitative indicators of spring barley varieties Amulet and Kompakt. The evaluation shows the dominant effect of the particular year on the variability of all characters. The proportion of the effect of the year on the variability of characters ranged from 2.1 (number of plants per m2) to 80.1% (yield). The variability of quality parameters was also considerably affected by the genetic factor of the variety (grain over2.5 mmsieve 40.4%, TGW 20.5%). The level of characters was greatly variable in relation to the course of climatic conditions of the year. The highest grain yield was achieved in 1999 (7.21 t/ha), the lowest one in 2000 (5.25 t/ha). The best quality parameters were shown by grain from the 1998 harvest (yield 6.20 t/ha) with significantly highest TGW (47.76 g), a high proportion of grain over2.5 mmsieve (92.01%, 5.54 t/ha) and a favourable content of N substances in the grain (10.60%). Ploughed down beet tops supported the creation of the yield, the average differences between variants were, however, minimal being heavily affected by the course of weather in particular years. More favourable conditions for the creation of the yield (6.17 t/ha) and for the formation of mechanical properties of the spring barley grain (TGW45.55 g, grain over2.5 mmsieve 85.86%) were produced by variants with late ploughing down beet tops, the smallest accumulation of N substances occurred in variants with harvested beet tops (11.83%). Sowing rate significantly affected values of all studied characters. Variants sown 4.5 MGS (6.27 t/ha) gave higher average grain yields, grain of better quality was obtained from the stands sown 3.5 MGS (TGW45.22 g, grain over 2.5 sieve 84.41%, N substances 11.93%). Between particular varieties, significant differences were found both in the economic yield and the grain quality. The Kompakt variety showed on average 4.7% higher yield (6.37 t/ha) than the Amulet variety which, however, reached the higher average TGW values as well as the proportion of grain over2.5 mmsieve (45.87 g, 88.24%). The grain quality of the Amulet variety was negatively affected by the increased accumulation of N substances in the grain (12.49%). As compared with control, N fertilization at the rate of 30 kg/ha showed significant increase in the yield in 1998 only (by 7.5%) while in other years, an increase in the yield was not noticed. In all years under investigation, the TGW values and the proportion of grain over2.5 mmsieve decreased and the content of N substances in grain increased after application of N at the rate of 30 kg/ha. Keywords: spring barley, beet tops, yield, yield structure, grain quality, N fertilization, sowing rate Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 457-465 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4157-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4157-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4157-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Smutný Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Křen Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic Title: The effect of different soil core samplers on precision of estimating weed seedbank in soil Abstract: The effect of different soil sampling procedures on the precision of estimating the weed seedbank in soil using three soil core samplers with a circular base of 1.3, 6.4 and 8.0 cmin diameter was studied in a model experiment. The results showed the importance of a methodological approach. The soil sampler with a larger diameter is more useful for the objective assessment of the species spectrum (detection of seeds of all weed species in the soil). Furthermore, the value of the coefficient of variation (vx) decreases along with the increasing diameter of the soil sampler. The value of vx assessed in partial samples taken with a sampler of 1.3 cm diameter was double to three times higher than for soil samplers of 6.4 and 8.0 cm. The value of vx increased in individual weed species at decreasing seed frequency in individual partial samples from 17.82 to 316.23%. The soil core with the diameter of8.0 cm on the area of1 m2 is optimal for the exact research. To estimate the weed seedbank in soil in small-plot experiments, one partial sample on the area of5 m2 is recommended. To obtain comparable results, it is necessary to take a higher number of samples at a decreasing diameter of the soil sampler. Likewise, a larger amount of samples is needed to detect less abundant species. Keywords: weed seedbank in soil, soil sampling, precision of estimating Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 466-472 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4158-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4158-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4158-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Plhák Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic Title: Nitrogen supply through transpiration mass flow can limit nitrogen nutrition of plants Abstract: Pea (Pisum sativum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants were cultivated for 10 days in hydroponics at 1mM and 7mM nitrate or ammonium concentrations at regulated pH 6 and ambient CO2 level. Plant growth, content of total N and both ions in plant tissues, uptake of water and both N ions were evaluated, N uptake related to transpiration mass flow and to diffusion supply was calculated. Pea and sunflower preferred nitrate nutrition while maize plants used both N ions. The content of total N as well as of both N ions in plant tissues increased with N level with some exceptions. The uptake of both N ions related to transpiration mass flow was dependent on transpiration rate and N ion concentration. At a 1mM N concentration the uptake of N ions related to transpiration mass flow was low and reached in maize up to 16 times, in sunflower 11 times and in pea 2-3 times lower values in comparison with diffusion supply. At a 7mM N concentration N uptake in pea plants was totally supplied by transpiration mass flow, in sunflower plants the ratio of N supply related to transpiration mass flow amounted to 50% and in maize plants N supply through diffusion prevailed, amounting to 70-80%. These results explicate N starvation at low N supply that can intensify at elevated CO2 causing decreased stomatal diffusion. Keywords: pea, sunflower, maize, NO3-, NH4+ uptake, transpiration mass flow, diffusion supply, N starvation, plant acclimation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 473-479 Volume: 49 Issue: 10 Year: 2003 DOI: 10.17221/4159-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4159-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200310-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:49:y:2003:i:10:id:4159-PSE