Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Dolanská Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Čurn Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Identification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars using molecular markers Abstract: The different molecular analysis for specification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations was studied between 2002 and 2003. RAPD, SSR (microsatellites), rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers were used for this study. The high genetic variation was detected among the cultivars but also within the cultivars by RAPD markers. For this reason RAPD markers were not found as a suitable marker system for determination of white clover cultivars. The distribution of low genetic variation of rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers was not able to differentiate cultivars. SSR and rDNA markers did not show variability of patterns within one cultivar. The different sizes of PCR fragments were obtained after amplification with microsatellite primers. SSR markers are therefore suggested as the suitable markers for the identification of different T. repens cultivars. Keywords: Trifolium repens L., identification of cultivars, RAPD, microsatellites, rDNA, PCR-RFLP Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 95-100 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4013-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4013-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4013-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.v. V Íka Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Author-Name: A. Kohoutek Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Smrž Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Nerušil Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Odstrčilová Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Komárek Author-Workplace-Name: ResearchInstitute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Research Station of Grassland Ecosystems, Jevíčko, Czech Republic Title: Performance of grass mixtures with mountain brome (Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.) in Central European lowlands Abstract: The seeding rate of 2 mil viable seeds of mountain brome cv. Tacit (28.1 kg/ha) is sufficient to establish a productive stand. The seeding amount can be decreased in the mixture with legumes. The growing in pure stand or in a simple mixture, e.g. with alfalfa, is appropriate, because of its low competitiveness. Mixtures with red clover were slightly worse, and mixtures with white clovers, resp. other grasses less suitable. The optimal cutting height of mountain brome to 5-8 cm with regard to forage yield and persistence. Although this grass does not have special demands on site, it does not tolerate long-term dampness and floods. It is mainly used as silage grass with high dry matter production potential, with forage of better-than-average nutritive value, which is kept till the stage of early flowering. Keywords: grasses, mountain brome, grass mixtures, persistence, cutting height, seeding rate Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 101-107 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4014-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4014-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4014-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Svobodová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Šantrůček Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Urbanec Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Succession changes of temporary grass stands on set-aside land Abstract: The mixtures of Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud. + Coronilla varia L., Festuca pratensis L. + Lotus corniculatus L., Dactylis aschersoniana Graebn. + Trifolium repens L., Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J.S. et K.B. Presl + Medicago lupulina L. were sown in rows of 125 mm in the year 1997 in Prague (chernozem, altitude 281 m a.s.l., average precipitation is 472 mm per year, average year temperature 9.3°C). The stands were one or three times per year cut with the mass removing or one or two times mulched. Botanical composition (by weight method), number of present species and agrobotanical groups (grasses, legumes, other dicotyledonous) coverage were measured during 6 years of vegetation. The species number was highest on plots cut 3 times (6-17), it increased linearly. The sown species share in the dry mass yield was 75-99% and the share of grasses decreased linearly with time. The significantly highest dry mass yield was reached when mulched two times per year Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud. with Coronilla varia L. (till 14 t/ha ). The stands coverage was 43-80%. Keywords: grass-legume stands, setting-aside, cutting, mulching, botanical composition, coverage Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 108-115 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Mrkvička Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Veselá Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Skála Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Effect of fertilization on the distribution of root phytomass and the yield of meadow stands Abstract: In 1998-2000 the effect of fertilization on the quantity, stratification of root phytomass and yields of dry mass on mesophyte meadow stands was studied. The root dry matter in the soil depth of 0.0-0.25 m was oscillated and the extreme values in individual samplings were found in 1998 (402-702 g/m2). In 1999 and 2000 the oscillating minimum and maximum values of dry root phytomass in all were 418-622 g/m2, 423-678 g/m2,respectively. The mean values of dry root mass in unfertilized treatments ranged from 484 to 540 g/m2. PK increased the values insubstantially (507-565 g/m2). The higher nitrogen dose (200 kg/ha) decreased predominantly the total quantity of dry root phytomass by 36-102% was found in the control treatments, compared in the yield of dry harvestable above-ground mass. In the systematic P40K100 fertilization the root weight in slightly moistenyears (1998 and 2000) was by 18-70% higher in comparison with the dry year 1999 when the root mass was 24% less. In the fertilization 200 kg/ha N(+PK) in the first two years of studies the root phytomass was less by 12% and 38% compared with the yield of the dry meadow fodder. The mean representation of root phytomass in the soil layer 0.0-0.1 m was in 1999-2000 in the control and PK treatments nearly the same, and created 88% from the total quantity. N(+PK) fertilization caused the displacement of the root phytomass towards the surface. Keywords: permanent meadow stands, fertilization, root phytomass, vertical distribution Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 116-121 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4016-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4016-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4016-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Klimeš Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Kužel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Application of modelling by the study of ground water contamination with nitrates under grasslands Abstract: At permanent grassland in the foothill regions of the Šumava (545 m a.s.l. subassociation Trifolio-Festucetum alopecuretosum Neuhäusl 1972), relations between the use of different doses of N(+PK) and contamination of ground waters with nitrates have been studied with the application of deterministic and probabilistic models with the aim of elaborating a theoretical basis and new methodological approaches for polycriterial optimisation of fertilisation of grass stands. Mutual relations between the use of doses N(+PK), build-up of primary production and perlocations of NO3- into ground waters, expressed by that of unit and marginal values of both these processes showed a mirror-like inversion course with a remarkable co-incidence of reverse local extremes. Within the range of doses from 0 to 100 kg N(+PK)/haP helps, at the ratio of the applied doses P:N 1:1.5-2.5, to a considerable decrease in the concentration of NO3- in ground waters. Specification of suitable doses of N(+PK) to ecologically and phytocenologically similar stands is discussed. Keywords: grasslands, ground waters, nitrates, fertilisation, deterministic and probabilistic models Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 122-128 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Jančovič Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: Ľ. Vozár Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: Ľ. Jančovičová Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia Author-Name: S. Petríková Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia Title: Effect of fertilisation renovation on the production capacity of permanent grassland Abstract: From the experimental study of fertilization renovation (after its three-year absence) on production capacity of seminatural grassland in the area of Strážov Hills (Middle Slovakia, height above see level 640 m, association Lolio-Cynosuretum Tx. 1937, time of experiment 1997-1999) it follows that yearly application of doses 60-120 kg N(+PK)/ha leads to a rapid renovation of production feat at high yield stability and production effects by infused nutriens (increase of yield 15.3 or 13.6 kg dry matter/kg NPK, 23.1 or 19.1 kg dry matter/kg N). Within the dose interval 120-240 kg N(+PK)/ha, the values of average production 1 kg N (8.64 kg dry matter) fall to almost one half in comparison to the interval 60-120 kg N(+PK)/ha, and when compared to the dose interval 0-60 kg N(+PK)/ha, they fall to almost one third. When alternating applications of nutrients in particular years (PK-NPK-PK, PK-0-PK, N60PK-N120PK-N240PK) the yield variation in time (Vx = 25.56-43.64%) increases enormously in comparison to habitual application of the same nutrient doses (Vx = 5.26-10.42%). Keywords: alternating fertilization, nitrogen, aboveground phytomass production, fertilization renovation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 129-133 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4018-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4018-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4018-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Hamouz Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Soukup Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Holec Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Jursík Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Field-scale variability of weediness on arable land Abstract: Weed mapping was conducted on 2 fields in Central Bohemia to characterize the spatial structure and temporal stability of weed populations over four years (1999-2002). A number of plants for each species and the total weed coverage were investigated on the grid points. To determine the weed infestation variability, and the Patchiness-Index was calculated. Use of Surfer-software, and weed maps were created. For single weed species occurrence the correlation between 1999 and 2000 was calculated. The results document heterogeneous occurrences of weeds, especially Cirsium arvense (PI = 9.09-15.86), Tripleurospermum maritimum (PI = 11.01-217.30) and Galium aparine (PI = 4.61-7.70), whereas Viola arvensis and Stellaria media were distributed more homogeneously. Weed grasses occurred in all years slightly. G. aparine is characterized by relatively high spatial stability. Keywords: weed infestation, weed mapping, weed population dynamics, spatial variability, temporal variability, precision farming Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 134-140 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4019-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4019-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200403-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4019-PSE