Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: O.F. Taser Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture University of Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey Author-Name: O. Kara Author-Workplace-Name: GAP Agricultural Research Center, Urfa, Turkey Title: Silage maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings emergence as influenced by soil compaction treatments and contact pressures Abstract: Soil compaction caused by mechanical force affects the vegetative and generative plant growth. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil compaction treatments and soil contact pressures on bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence in a clay-loam soil. Soil compaction treatments were applied while planting as follows: Compaction on furrow surface (F-surface), compaction on furrow bottom (F-bottom), compaction on inter row (I-row), and non-extra compaction as a control (C). The soil contact pressures of 0.025, 0.051 and 0.076 MPa were applied while the control was 0.0085 MPa. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments and contact pressures were recorded in bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence. Percentage of emerged seedlings increased as the soil contact pressure was increased slightly. The lowest mean percentage of emerged seedlings (52.63%) was obtained with 0.076 MPa contact pressure in F-surface treatment and the highest mean value (81.58%) was obtained with 0.025 MPa contact pressure in F-bottom compaction treatment. The control treatment gave the 69% mean value under the non-irrigated condition. Keywords: soil compaction treatments, soil contact pressures, soil physical properties, maize eme Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 289-295 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3588-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3588-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3588-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Behrens Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agronomy and Crop Science, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Author-Name: K. Gregor Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agronomy and Crop Science, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Author-Name: W. Diepenbrock Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agronomy and Crop Science, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Title: Separation of soil and canopy reflectance signatures of Mid German agricultural soils Abstract: Remote sensing can provide visual indications of crop growth during production season. In past, spectral optical estimations were well performed in the ability to be correlated with crop and soil properties but were not consistent within the whole production season. To better quantify vegetation properties gathered via remote sensing, models of soil reflectance under changing moisture conditions are needed. Signatures of reflected radiation were acquired for several Mid German agricultural soils in laboratory and field experiments. Results were evaluated at near-infrared spectral region at the wavelength of 850 nm. The selected soils represented different soil colors and brightness values reflecting a broad range of soil properties. At the wavelength of 850 nm soil reflectance ranged between 10% (black peat) and 74% (white quartz sand). The reflectance of topsoils varied from 21% to 32%. An interrelation was found between soil brightness rating values and spectral optical reflectance values in form of a linear regression. Increases of soil water content from 0% to 25% decreased signatures of soil reflectance at 850 nm of two different soil types about 40%. The interrelation of soil reflectance and soil moisture revealed a non-linear exponential function. Using knowledge of the individual signature of soil reflectance as well as the soil water content at the measurement, soil reflectance could be predicted. As a result, a clear separation is established between soil reflectance and reflectance of the vegetation cover if the vegetation index is known. Keywords: near-infrared, reflectance, regression analysis, soil brightness, soil moisture, soil type Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 296-303 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3589-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3589-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3589-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kočárek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Kozák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Drábek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Vacek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Chlortoluron behavior in five different soil types Abstract: Chlortoluron transport was studied in five different soil types and under varying climatic conditions. The chlortoluron mobility in the monitored soils increases as follows: Albic Luvisol = Haplic Luvisol < Haplic Cambisol < Haplic Stagnosol < Greyic Phaozem. Significantly high concentrations in the top layer of Haplic Stagnosol were observed due to the high presence of coarse gravel (30-40%) and flow profile reduction up to 60%. The content of remaining chlortoluron in the soil profile corresponds to the herbicide mobility. The percentages of remaining chlortoluron were 46.1% in Albic Luvisol, 54.6% in Haplic Luvisol, 65.0% in Haplic Cambisol, 69.6% in Haplic Stagnosol and 102.9% in Greyic Phaozem. The highest herbicide degradations were at the locations with lower observed mobility and herbicide present mainly in the top layer. Occurrence of the remaining chlortoluron percentage in Greyic Phaozem higher than 100% was caused mainly by the herbicide transport through the preferential paths and restricted degradation in subsurface layers. Variability of chlortoluron distributions in the soil profiles observed at the three positions of the same location occurred due to the heterogeneity of the soil profile and an uneven distribution of chlortoluron on the soil surface. The BPS mathematical model (Kozák and Vacek 1996) connected with the soil database (Kozák et al. 1996) was used to simulate chlortoluron transport. The simulated chlortoluron concentrations follow approximately the measured data except for Greyic Phaozem, where a preferential flow highly influenced solution transport. The BPS model with the soil database can be used for estimation of the chlortoluron transport. Keywords: pesticides, chlortoluron, degradation, solution transport, field and numerical study Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 304-309 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3590-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3590-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3590-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Kozák Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Šimůnek Author-Workplace-Name: University of California Riverside, CA, USA Author-Name: O. Vacek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Single and dual-permeability models of chlorotoluron transport in the soil profile Abstract: This study presents the transport of chlorotoluron in the soil profile under field conditions. The herbicide Syncuran was applied on a plot (4 m˛) using an application rate of 2.5 kg/ha of active ingredient. Soil samples were taken after 119 days to study the residual chlorotoluron distribution in the soil profile. The single and dual-permeability models in HYDRUS-1D (Šimůnek et al. 2003) were used to simulate water movement and herbicide transport in the soil profile. Soil hydraulic properties and their variability were previously studied by Kutílek et al. (1989). The solute transport parameters, such as the adsorption isotherm and the degradation rate, were determined in the laboratory. Since the solute transport in the field was probably affected by preferential flow, the chlorotoluron distribution in the soil profile calculated using the single-permeability model had a different character than observed chlorotoluron concentrations. The chlorotoluron distribution within depth calculated using the dual-permeability model was closer to the observed behavior of chlorotoluron. While the herbicide did not reach a depth of 8 cm for the single-porosity system, in the case of the dual-permeability model the solute moved to the depth of 60 cm. The dual-permeability model significantly improved correspondence between calculated and observed herbicide concentrations. Keywords: herbicide, chlorotoluron, solute transport, preferential flow, single pore system, dual-permeability, field and numerical studies Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 310-315 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3591-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3591-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3591-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Vaněk Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: L. Borůvka Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Drábek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Mihaljevič Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Komárek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Czech Republic Title: Mobility of lead, zinc and cadmium in alluvial soils heavily polluted by smelting industry Abstract: In order to determine the mobility of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils from the Příbram region (Czech Republic) heavily contaminated by metallurgy, two profiles of alluvial soils were closely studied. Total contents of heavy metals were determined after digestion with a mixture of HF and HClO4. Heavy metal mobility was assessed using the mobility factor (MF) that represents the proportion of heavy metals present in the exchangeable and carbonate bound fraction based on the Tessier's sequential extraction procedure. The MF ranged from 2 to 46% for lead, 19 to 62% for zinc and 61 to 94% for cadmium. The profile distribution of zinc and cadmium showed a variable development with depth, which is caused by high amounts of these metals present in labile forms. The profile distribution of lead (the least mobile metal) is characterized by a gradual decrease with depth. The results indicate a higher contamination of the soil profile situated 2.5 km away from the smelter in comparison with the profile in its close vicinity. This fact confirms the existence of extreme fluvial contamination. Keywords: soil, heavy metals, mobility, profile distribution Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 316-321 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3592-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3592-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3592-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Šrobárová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Š. Eged Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Title: Trichoderma and sulphoethyl glucan reduce maize root rot infestation and fusaric acid content Abstract: Roots of maize seedlings (cv. Pavla) infested by Fusarium verticillioides (105/ml) were cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium (MSM, Sigma, USA) containing CaCl2,IAA and kinetin. Simultaneously, a strain of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. and a sulphoethyl glucan (SEG) isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were added. Two evaluations (on 7 and 14 days) were done. Productivity parameters of leaves and roots (fwt, dwt, and length), disease severity index (DSI) and fusaric acid (FA) concentration were evaluated. Both Trichoderma sp. and SEG increased productivity parameters of plants in infested variants and maintained it on the level of control plants during 14 days of experiment. Trichoderma reduced the DSI, while SEG increased it. DSI correlated with FA concentration. After seven days of cultivation concentration of FA was lower in all infected variants cultivated concomitantly with agents, compared with the one without them. After 14 days of cultivation both agents reduced the concentration of FA up to 50% to the non-measurable concentration in variant with Trichoderma. In variant with positive control, where FA was added to SEG, its concentration decreased up to 30%. Keywords: Fusarium verticillioides, biocontrol, in vitro, productive parameters, disease severity, sulphoethyl glucan Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 322-327 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3593-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3593-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3593-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Kinaci Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey Author-Name: E. Kinaci Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey Title: Effect of zinc application on quality traits of barley in semi arid zones of Turkey Abstract: Field experiments were carried out to study effects of zinc application on quality traits of barley in 1994-1996. The treatments were applied as 0 and 23 kg/ha of zinc sulphate and incorporated into soil before sowing. The experimental design was split plot with four replications. Barley genotypes responded differently to zinc application in relation to thousand grains weight, protein content and starch content. A significant increase was determined for thousand grain weight in cultivars Tokak 157/37 and Cumhuriyet 50, for protein content in Orza, Bülbül 89 and Anadolu 86, for starch content in Karatay 94 and Cumhuriyet 50, while a significant decrease has been found for thousand grain weight in Karatay 94 and Obruk 86 and for protein content in Karatay 94, Cumhuriyet 50 and Tarm 92. When feeding and malting quality are considered together, Karatay 94 and Cumhuriyet 50 are the most suitable cultivars for growing in zinc-applied soils of semi arid areas. Keywords: barley, Zn-deficiency, quality, semi arid, zinc application Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 328-334 Volume: 51 Issue: 7 Year: 2005 DOI: 10.17221/3594-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3594-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200507-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:51:y:2005:i:7:id:3594-PSE