Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Pavlíková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Vaněk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: B. Kotková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The influence of long-term sewage sludge application on the activity of phosphatases in the rhizosphere of plants Abstract: Model experiments using rhizoboxes were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of different plants (wheat, rape) on the changes in water extractable contents of P, the pH/H2O value and the activity of acidic and alkaline phosphatase in soil of plant rhizosphere. For this experiment, a Cambisol with different long-term fertilizing systems was used: (i) control (with no fertilizer application), (ii) sewage sludge, and (iii) manure. A lower content of water-soluble P was observed in close vicinities of root surfaces (up to 2 mm) at all the studied variants. The control (non-treated) variant reflected a significantly lower content of water-soluble P in the rhizosphere compared to the fertilized ones. The activities of the acidic and alkaline phosphatases were significantly higher in the rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil (soil outside the rhizosphere). The long-term application of organic fertilizers significantly increased phosphatase activity; the activity of the acidic phosphatase was significantly higher in the rhizosphere of rape plants compared to wheat. The variant treated with manure exhibited an increased activity of both the acidic and alkaline phosphatases compared to the variant treated with sewage sludge. In the case of the variant treated long-term with sewage sludge, the portion of inorganic P to total soil P content proportionally increased compared to the manure-treated variant. Soil of the rape rhizosphere showed a trend of lower pH/H2O value of all variants, whereas the wheat rhizosphere showed an opposite pH tendency. Keywords: sewage sludge, phosphorus, acidic and alkaline phosphatase, wheat, rape, rhizosphere Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 375-381 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2294-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2294-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2294-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Nedvěd Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: B. Kotková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The influence of different intensities of phosphorus fertilizing on available phosphorus contents in soils and uptake by plants Abstract: A gradual increase of phosphorus (P) concentrations in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers was applied to clayey soils at six precise experimental field sites with different climatic conditions within the Czech Republic. Soil samples were collected after the harvest of barley. Readily available P concentrations were determined using water and 0.01M CaCl2 extractions, mobile phosphate contents were determined using the extraction procedures Mehlich 3 and Olsen. Furthermore, P uptake by barley plants was assessed. All selected procedures showed that increasing concentrations of applied P increased the mobile and readily available P contents in soils. Phosphorus uptake by barley plants ranged between 9.00 and 14.5 kg/ha and increased P application resulted in increased P concentrations in plants. Statistical analyses were performed using the Spearman test. The closest relationship was obtained for P uptake by plants and the water extraction (r = 0.81). Significant relationships were also obtained for plant uptake and the Mehlich 3 and CaCl2 methods (r = 0.40 and 0.36, respectively). There was no statistical dependence between P uptake and the Olsen method (r = 0.25). Regression analysis was expressed best as linear regression. The closest relationship was found for water extracts and P uptake by plants (with a determination coefficient of 65%). Determination coefficients for P uptake and other methods used were significantly lower (max. 20%). Keywords: long-term experiments, mobile forms of P, readily available P, plant uptake of P Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 382-387 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2292-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2292-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2292-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Grzebisz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland Author-Name: K. Przygocka-Cyna Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland Title: Spring malt barley response to elemental sulphur - the prognostic value of N and S concentrations in malt barley leaves Abstract: The basic concept of malt barley production is to reach a dilution effect of nitrogen accumulated by grains at maturity. A three-year study was undertaken to establish time courses of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) in leaves as the prerequisite tool for total grain yield prognosis. Sulphur application at the lowest rate of 25 kg/ha significantly increased yields of grain in 2001 and 2003. The time course of N and S concentrations in leaves over the growing season showed declining trends for N and variable for S. At mid tillering (BBA-25) both N and S, but at BBA-31 only N concentrations significantly responded to S rates, and in turn affected patterns of N concentration in barley organs up to maturity. Sulphur concentrations and N:S ratios were useful tools to make reliable prognosis of total grain yield of barley at BBA-31 as indicated by the obtained regression equations. The threshold values for N and S in leaves in order to achieve the maximum total grain yield are 0.4% for S and 8.0 for the N:S ratio as presented by the graphical procedure. Keywords: malt barley, nitrogen, leaves, sulphur concentrations, N:S ratio, total grain yield prognosis Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 388-394 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2295-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2295-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2295-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Potarzycki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland Author-Name: W. Grzebisz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland Title: Effect of phosphoric fertilizers as a source of sulphur on malt barley total and technological grain yields Abstract: Malt barley production requires a technology increasing nitrogen use efficiency, because of a high sensitivity of barley total grain yield and quality parameters to external growth factors. In the conducted study an effect of two P fertilizers on the background of N application on total and technological grain yields were studied. The highest total grain yield was harvested on plots fertilized with 60 kg N/ha, irrespective of the P fertilizer type. However, the technological grain yield showed a high year-to-year variability; the highest was recorded in 2001 on the plot fertilized with 60 kg N/ha and the P-PAPR fertilizer. The N and S concentrations and N:S ratios in immature grains at harvest were used to evaluate both yield types. Nitrogen concentration in the final total yield allowed making yields prognosis with the highest probability. The maximum yields of technological malt barley were attainable provided that total S concentration in immature grains at harvest was above 0.23% and the N:S ratio was narrower than 8.0. Keywords: malt barley, maturity, immature grain fraction, nitrogen and sulphur indices, grain yields Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 395-402 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2289-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2289-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2289-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Hejlová Author-Workplace-Name: Technical Faculty, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Blahovec Author-Workplace-Name: Technical Faculty, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Role of cultivation conditions in potato sloughing as indicated by CPEM method Abstract: The new CPEM (cooked potato effective mass) method was used to study the sloughing of a potato variety grown in two successive years in six regimes given by different levels and forms of fertilisation and irrigation. The sloughing process is characterized by the cooking time, i.e. the starting point of disintegration, and by the speed of disintegration. Both parameters are also evaluated in dependence on tuber density in linear models of cooking and disintegration stages. Effects of different cultivation regimes were observed in both stages. The sloughing sensitivity to tuber density expressed via the cooking time seemed to be a relatively stable variety parameter independent of growing conditions. The fertilisation reduced the level of sloughing, i.e. higher cooking time values (P < 0.0023), and at the same time lower disintegration rates (P < 0.006) were indicated for fertilised tubers. No influence of irrigation was observed in our study. Keywords: potato, texture, sloughing, disintegration, effective mass, density, cooking time, cultivation, fertilisation, irrigation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 403-412 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2291-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2291-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2291-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Talianová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Survey of molecular phylogenetics Abstract: Rapidly increasing amount of biological data necessarily requires techniques that would enable to extract the information hidden in the data. Methods of molecular phylogenetics are commonly used tools as well as objects of continuous research within many fields, such as evolutionary biology, systematics, epidemiology, genomics, etc. The evolutionary process not only determines relationships among species, but also allows prediction of structural, physiological and biochemical properties of biomolecules. The article provides the reader with a brief overview of common methods that are currently employed in the field of molecular phylogenetics. Keywords: evolutionary model, distance-based methods, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, accuracy of phylogeny Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 413-416 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2290-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2290-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2290-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Hrubá Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Title: dCAPS method: advantages, troubles and solution Abstract: In our work, we focus on the evolutionary studies of sex chromosomes. As model organisms we use several species of the plant genus Silene. An important part of our research is represented by genetic mapping based on the assays of DNA length or sequence polymorphisms. Apart from the other methods we also use the dCAPS method, which is very useful for detection of the sequence polymorphisms (SNPs). This method is unique as it is able to detect SNPs that are not situated in any restriction site; a fundamental principle of this method is usage of primer designed with one or two mismatches that bring into the target sequence the mutation in vicinity of SNP. Using this method, we found out some improvements that can make analyses more cost-effective. Keywords: detection of polymorphism, SNP, restriction endonuclease, semi-nested PCR, DNA agar, genetic mapping, Silene Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 417-420 Volume: 53 Issue: 9 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2293-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2293-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200709-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:53:y:2007:i:9:id:2293-PSE