Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Skwierawska Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: L. Zawartka Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: B. Zawadzki Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Title: The effect of different rates and forms of applied sulphur on nutrient composition of planted crops Abstract: A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North-East Poland. Each year three sulphur fertilization rates in the form of sulphate (S- SO42-) and pure sulphur (S-S0) were applied: 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha. The most beneficial effect on the yields of cabbage, onion and barley was produced by the rates of 40 and 80 kg S/ha, while the dose of 120 kg S/ha (especially when applied as S-SO42-) reduced the yields of these crops. Increasing rates of sulphur used as a fertilizer caused increased concentration of sulphates in plants up to their luxury accumulation. Irrespective of the test crop species or form of sulphur applied, once the crops terminated their vegetative season, the plants fertilized with sulphur typically contained more total N than those fertilized only with NPK. The S-SO42- fertilization tended to raise the accumulation of N-NO3- in the crops, especially during the juvenile phase. The application of 120 kg S-SO42-) /kg caused depressed amounts of potassium in cabbage, onion and in barley during the heading phase. Keywords: cabbage, onion, barley, sulphur, sulphate, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 179-189 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/398-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/398-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:398-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Babulicová Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Agricultural Research Centre - Research Institute of Plant Production, Piešťany, Slovak Republic Title: Influence of the fertilization on the winter wheat in the crop rotations and in the long-term monoculture Abstract: The effect of mineral and organic fertilization on grain yield and quality of winter wheat in crop rotations and in continuous cropping was investigated. The study was conducted in Borovce (near Piešťany) on Luvi-Haplic Chernozem in the years 2002-2004. Mineral and organic fertilization of winter wheat growing in monoculture was more effective than mineral fertilization in crop rotations. In the case of winter wheat growing in monoculture, statistically higher grain yield (5.10 t/ha) was obtained in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation compared to the control variant (4.73 t/ha) and the variant with straw incorporation (4.75 t/ha). In the Solara variety, statistically higher number of plants before harvest was recorded in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation (194 plants per 1 m2) than in the variant with straw incorporation only (149 plants per 1 m2). As for the winter wheat grain in the sequence 2, based on the wet gluten content (30.3%) the Solara variety was classified in the elite class E in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation, and in the improving class A in the control variant. Keywords: winter wheat, crop rotation, long-term monoculture, fertilization, straw incorporation, green manuring Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 190-196 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/397-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/397-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:397-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Sądej Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Author-Name: K. Przekwas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Title: Fluctuations of nitrogen levels in soil profile under conditions of a long-term fertilization experiment Abstract: The present study is focused on the correlation between varied long-term fertilization and changes in soil nitrogen concentrations. It was found that all fertilization systems significantly increased the levels of total, mineral and organic nitrogen in the soil profile. Organic fertilizers (manure and slurry) contributed to a more considerable increase in the concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen undergoing hydrolysis in 6M HCl, compared to mineral fertilizers. Ammonia nitrogen dominated over nitrate nitrogen among mineral nitrogen forms. Organic fertilization contributed to nitrate nitrogen accumulation, while mineral fertilization to ammonia nitrogen storage. The highest accumulations of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were observed after the application of slurry and manure, respectively. Hydrolyzable nitrogen content and its proportion in total nitrogen generally decreased with soil depth. An increase in the levels of organic nitrogen forms, i.e. nitrogen contained in amino sugars and amino acids as well as ammonia nitrogen from decomposition of amides, amino sugars and amino acids, was conditioned primarily on the application of organic fertilizers, particularly manure. Amino acid-N dominated among hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds (77%), while amino sugar-N accounted for 5.6% only. Keywords: soil, fertilization, mineral and organic nitrogen forms Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 197-203 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/394-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/394-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:394-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Růžková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: L. Růžek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Voříšek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Soil biological activity of mulching and cut/harvested land set aside Abstract: Formerly arable luvic chernozem set aside for ten years (1997-2006) with different herbaceous cover (grass, legumes and their mixtures) and agronomical practices (mulching and cut/harvesting) was studied. The experimental plot was maintained as black, spontaneous and controlled fallows from 1997 until July 2003 (BD period). In July 2003 the plots were desiccated by glyphosate herbicide and were run as a black fallow until August 2004 (AD). The last period (AG) was characterized by monoculture of Italian ryegrass cut/harvested twice a year until October 2006. The experimental soils were characterized with 18 parameters. Mulched plots in all periods (BD, AD and AG) were evaluated as highly microbial active plots. The black fallow (BD) permanently maintained by glyphosate herbicide was the lowest in biological parameters. The desiccation caused a highly significant increase (P < 0.01) of nitrates in topsoil, but in following period (AG) their significant decrease was detected. Desiccation enhanced carbon immobilization into microbial cells especially on mulched and cut/harvested sites (BD, AD). Due to mulching accumulation of soil organic matter highly significantly increased (P < 0.01). This induced a highly significant (P < 0.01) increase in the basal respiration (AD, AG) as the soil organic matter accumulated in the period BD was intensively mineralized. Keywords: fallow, desiccation, Roundup, microbial biomass, K2SO4 extractable carbon, respiration, nitrification, ammonification, metabolic quotient Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 204-211 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/396-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/396-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:396-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Nedvěd Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The changes in microbial biomass C and N in long-term field experiments Abstract: Microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon were studied in long-term field experiments with continuous cultivation of silage maize and with crop rotation. A positive effect of organic fertilizers on the microbial biomass nitrogen and the carbon content in soil was observed. Statistically significant effect of organic fertilizers on the higher content of microbial biomass C and N was established in the first year after their application. During the application the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased, but there were higher biomass C and N contents compared to control, even without statistical significance. A negative effect on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content in soil came from the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in experiments with maize. Statistically significant effect of mineral N fertilizers was observed after their application. In the course of the N fertilizers application the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen was lower than control. No statistically significant effects of mineral nitrogen fertilizers on the microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon content were observed in field experiments with crop rotation over the eight years of experiment duration. The higher effect of mineral and organic fertilizers application on the changes in microbial biomass C and N was reported in experiments with continuous cultivation of maize compared to experiments with crop rotation. Keywords: microbial biomass, nitrogen, long-term field experiment, silage maize, crop rotation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 212-218 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/393-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/393-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:393-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Merbach Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle- Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Author-Name: A. Deubel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle- Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Title: Long-term field experiments - museum relics or scientific challenge? Abstract: By reference to the Eternal Rye trial in Halle, Germany, as an example, it is demonstrated that long-term trials provide indispensable information for contemporary and future land use research. These trials serve as tools for the examination of cultivation measures or the effects of climate on nutrient dynamics and mobilization, microbial biodiversity, mineral composition or soil formation processes. They are therefore essential for the evaluation of land-use strategies or climatic change and, because of that, can provide more accuracy in related political considerations. Keywords: long-term fertilization trials, biodiversity, soil formation, nutrient dynamics, Eternal Rye trial Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 219-226 Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/395-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/395-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200805-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:54:y:2008:i:5:id:395-PSE