Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Z. Exnerová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic Author-Name: E. Cienciala Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic Title: Greenhouse gas inventory of agriculture in the Czech Republic Abstract: As a part of its obligations under the Climate Convention, the Czech Republic must annually estimate and report its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This also applies for the sector of agriculture, which is one of the greatest producers of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This paper presents the approaches applied to estimate emissions in agricultural sector during the period 1990-2006. It describes the origin and sources of emissions, applied methodology, parameters and emission estimates for the sector of agriculture in the country. The total greenhouse gas emissions reached 7644 Gg CO2 eq. in 2006. About 59% (4479 Gg CO2 eq.) of these emissions has originated from agricultural soils. This quantity ranks agriculture as the third largest sector in the Czech Republic representing 5.3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The emissions under the Czech conditions consist mainly of emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management and agricultural soils. During the period 1990-2006, GHG emissions from agriculture decreased by 50%, which was linked to reduced cattle population and amount of applied fertilizers. The study concludes that the GHG emissions in the sector of agriculture remain significant and their proper assessment is required for sound climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. Keywords: greenhouse gas inventory, agriculture, enteric fermentation, manure management, agricultural soils, methane emissions, nitrous oxide emissions Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 311-319 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2528-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2528-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:2528-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Çakmak Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Author-Name: Ö. Atici Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Title: Effects of putrescine and low temperature on the apoplastic antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of two wheat cultivars Abstract: The effects of putrescine (a polyamine), low temperature and their combinations on the activities of apoplastic antioxidant enzymes were studied in the leaves of two wheat cultivars, winter (Dogu-88) and spring (Gerek-79). Fifteen-day-old wheat seedlings were treated with putrescine solutions (0.1, 1 and 10mM) prior to cold treatment (5/3°C). The activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined in the leaves both under normal and cold conditions at 1, 3 and 5 days. The results indicate that cold treatment significantly increased the activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in winter wheat while not generally affecting spring wheat. Under control conditions, the putrescine treatments were more effective in increasing the enzyme activities in winter wheat than in spring wheat. However, under cold conditions, the putrescine treatments surprisingly induced enzyme activities in spring wheat while generally reducing those in winter wheat leaves. The results show that putrescine may act as an agent inducing primary changes in the apoplastic antioxidant system of wheat leaves during reactive oxygen species-mediated damage caused by low temperature stress. Keywords: oxidative damage, environmental stress, Triticum aestivum, cereals, plant stress metabolism Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 320-326 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1037-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1037-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:1037-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: N. Tangyuan Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: H. Bin Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: J. Nianyuan Author-Workplace-Name: Agronomy College of Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, P.R. China Author-Name: T. Shenzhong Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: L. Zengjia Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an Shandong, P.R. China Title: Effects of conservation tillage on soil porosity in maize-wheat cropping system Abstract: A study was conducted on the effect of two single practices, including soil tillage and returning straw to soil, and their interaction on soil porosity of maize-wheat cropping system. Field experiments involved four tillage practices, including conventional tillage (C), zero-tillage (Z), harrow-tillage (H) and subsoil-tillage (S), with straw absent (A) or straw present (P). Total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity of soil were investigated. The results showed that the soil total porosity of 0-10 soil layer was mostly affected; conventional tillage can increase the capillary porosity of soil, but the non-capillary porosity of S was the highest. Returning of straw can increase the porosity of soil. Through the analysis of affecting force, it can be concluded that interaction of soil tillage and straw is the most important factor to soil porosity, while the controlling factor to non-capillary porosity was soil tillage treatment. Keywords: soil tillage, maize-wheat cropping system, soil porosity, affecting force Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 327-333 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/25/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/25/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:25-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Madaras Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Lipavský Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Interannual dynamics of available potassium in a long-term fertilization experiment Abstract: Dynamics of the plant-available potassium (K) has been studied in polyfactorial long-term fertilization experiments since 1980. The fertilization scheme includes 10 combinations of K muriate and farmyard manure application rates (annually 0-230 kg K/ha). At medium treatment (annually 153 kg K/ha), the K balance within an 8-year crop rotation reflected crop specific K application rates with positive annual balances in years of growing silage maize and sugar beet (high K input), and negative in two years of growing alfalfa. Available K clearly corresponded to the dynamics of the K balance, with statistically significant fluctuations from 88 to 149 mg K/kg within one crop rotation cycle. Periodic fluctuations of available K induced by crop rotation were observed also in non-fertilized treatments. The variability of available K contents was influenced primarily by crop plants and experimental unexplained factors; interannual weather fluctuations and field differences were of low significance. In the paper, the importance of interannual K dynamics for the construction of correct long-term time trends is shown and discussed. Keywords: long-term experiments, potassium, soil, nutrient balance, crop station Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 334-343 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/34/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/34/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:34-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Száková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Pavlíková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Čermák Author-Workplace-Name: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Differences in soil sulfur fractions due to limitation of atmospheric deposition Abstract: The aim of this work was to estimate the changes in contents of different sulfur (S) fractions in soils under conditions of lowering inputs of S from emissions together with the influence of application of manure and mineral fertilizers. Soil samples from long-term field experiments were used for this purpose. The samples were taken from 10 sites from precise long-term field experiments with different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech Republic. The samples were analyzed using the following fractionation: (i) water soluble S (H2O extracts), (ii) sorbed S (0.032M NaH2PO4 extracts) and (iii) S occluded with carbonates (1M HCl extract). Furthermore, the concentration of total S (Stot) and organic S (Sorg) was determined. Soil samples were taken in the years 1981 and 2007. During 26 years a decrease of Stot by about 3-8%, water soluble S by 65-68% and sorbed S by 39-44% were observed in the topsoil of the evaluated soils. Furthermore, a low increase in the content of organic S was observed. The estimated ratio of Sorg reached 78.7-80.9% from Stot in the year 1981 and 87.7-89.8% in 2007. Farmyard manure (40 t/ha) applied every 4 years did not have a significant influence on S fractions and Stot contents in soils; intensive S fertilizing increased Stot and mobile S forms contents in soils. Very close correlations were obtained especially between Stot and water soluble S and organic S. Keywords: soil, S, long term stationary experiments, S-fractionation, fertilizing Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 344-352 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/101/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/101/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:101-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Čásová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Száková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Tlustoš Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Cadmium balance in soils under different fertilization managements including sewage sludge application Abstract: Simple balance of Cd input by different treatments and removal by agricultural crops was investigated in an ongoing precise long-term field experiment with application of sewage sludge (SS), farmyard manure (FYM), and mineral fertilizers (NPK). Potatoes, wheat and barley were grown in a rotation at 4 experimental sites of the Czech Republic with the aim to assess the risk of Cd accumulation in soil and plants under different soil and climate conditions. The results showed significant differences in Cd content of the input materials used, and in Cd inputs to soils under different fertilization managements. Three applications of sewage sludge during 1996-2005 resulted in total addition of 110 g Cd/ha into soil, which was by one order of magnitude higher than Cd addition in FYM or NPK treatments. From the total amount of sludge-borne Cd, only small portion was removed by harvests of crops (approximately 3.5%). Soil conditions significantly affected Cd input-removal balance. The highest Cd removals were obtained on soils with the lowest pH. The highest Cd removal was achieved by potato tubers followed by wheat and barley plants. The results showed that the risk of Cd accumulation in soils is high, especially with repeated sludge applications. Keywords: sewage sludge, cadmium, input-removal balance, long-term field experiment Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 353-361 Volume: 55 Issue: 8 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/142/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/142/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200908-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:8:id:142-2009-PSE