Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Valášková Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Baldrian Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis as a fingerprinting method for the analysis of soil microbial communities Abstract: In soil microbial ecology, the effects of environmental factors and their gradients, temporal changes or the response to specific experimental treatments of microbial communities can only be effectively analyzed using methods that address the structural differences among whole communities. Fingerprinting methods are the most appropriate technique for this task when multiple samples must be analyzed. Among the methods currently used to compare microbial communities based on nucleic acid sequences, the techniques based on differences in the melting properties of double-stranded molecules, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) or temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), are the most widely used. Their main advantage is that they provide the possibility to further analyze whole sequences contained in fingerprints using molecular methods. In addition to the analysis of microbial communities based on DNA extracted from soils, DGGE/TGGE can also be used for the assessment of the active part of the community based on the analysis of RNA-derived sequences or for the analysis of sequences of functional genes encoding for proteins involved in important soil processes. Keywords: DGGE, bacteria, fungi, microbial community, soil ecology, TGGE Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 413-423 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/132/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/132/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:132-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Soil micromorphology use for modeling of a non-equilibrium water and solute movement Abstract: Soil micromorphology was applied to specify flow domains in different soils and to select a suitable numerical model for simulation of water flow and herbicide transport. Pore structure detected on soil micromorphological images represented in all cases domains of prevailing water flow and solute transport. Depending on pore configuration and boundary conditions either water immobilization or preferential flow was observed and simulated. The benefits and limitations of the soil micromorphology imaging are discussed and compared with the more often used X-ray computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and dye tracer imaging. Keywords: soil pore structure, soil micromorphology, herbicide transport, single-porosity model, dual-porosity model, dual-permeability model Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 424-428 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/137/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/137/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:137-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Baudišová Author-Workplace-Name: T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Public Research Institution, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Microbial pollution of water from agriculture Abstract: Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relation to high precipitation. The water quality in three (and/or four) localities exceeded the acceptable counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci given by the Czech legislation (40 CFU/ml for faecal coliforms and 20 CFU/ ml for enterococci). In agriculturally polluted streams, there were detected more enterococci than faecal coliforms, and also some less frequent species related to farm animals (Streptococcus equines and S. bovis) or plant rests (E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus) were present. E. faecalis and E. faecium strains (these are the most common species related to human faecal pollution) were less frequent there. Keywords: Enterococcus, faecal coliforms, pollution source identification, antibiotic resistance, surface water quality Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 429-435 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/131/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/131/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:131-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Q.S. Wu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Y.N. Zou Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, P.R. China Title: Mycorrhiza has a direct effect on reactive oxygen metabolism of drought-stressed citrus Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic trend of symbiotic development in Citrus sinensis/Poncirus trifoliate trees colonized by Glomus versiforme during 12-day lasting drought and to evaluate correlation between symbiotic development and reactive oxygen metabolism of citrus. One year after planting, water was withheld from all trees for 12 days. During the drought stress mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscles showed a durative reduction. Mycorrhizal trees maintained significantly lower contents of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde than non-mycorrhizal control throughout the experiment. There were significantly greater activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase in mycorrhizal trees throughout the drought stress period. Ascorbate and glutathione contents of mycorrhizal trees were notably higher than those of uninoculated ones during 12 days of drought stress. Correlation analysis showed that not vesicles and entry points but mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscules had a substantive direct effect on reactive oxygen metabolism. These results suggest that mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscles play a major role in improving reactive oxygen metabolism of drought-stressed citrus, thus inducing a lower oxidative damage. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, drought, citrus, reactive oxygen species Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 436-442 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/61/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/61/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:61-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H.R. Balouchi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: S.A.M.M. Sanavy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: Y. Emam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Author-Name: A. Dolatabadian Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Title: UV radiation, elevated CO2 and water stress effect on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in durum wheat Abstract: Climate change studies are of considerable interest in agriculture and environmental science. The objective of this research was to investigate the changes in photosynthetic pigments and other physiological and biochemical traits of durum wheat exposed to ultraviolet A, B and C radiation, elevated CO2 and water stress. The results showed that carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and proline content increased significantly by decreasing ultraviolet wavelength compared to control. Elevated CO2 increased only height and specific leaf area. Water stress induced a significant increase in carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, proline and protein content. Interaction of UV-C and water stress in ambient CO2 increased UV screen pigments and proline content, while under elevated CO2 these increments were alleviated. Interaction among UV-C radiation, elevated CO2 and water stress demonstrated a significant decrease in Fv/Fm, chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates and specific leaf area compared to control. The results of this experiment illustrate that increased UV radiation and water stress induces an increase of screen pigments and elevated CO2 prevents accumulation of these pigments. Keywords: carbon dioxide, pigments, ultraviolet, water stress, wheat Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 443-453 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:1024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Š. Vaverková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Author-Name: I. Mistríková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Author-Name: M. Hollá Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Title: Qualitative properties of Mentha × piperita (L.) after application of the fungicide Hattrick DP-50 Abstract: The aim of this work was to study and verify the effect of the Hattrick DP-50 fungicide on quality and content of essential oil in Mentha × piperita (L.) HUDS. Cv. Perpeta (peppermint) during different developmental phases. The fungicide was applied approximately one month before the first collection. The results have shown that the phase of full bloom may be regarded as a period with the highest content of essential oil in herb and leaves of peppermint; its greatest amount was found in the youngest leaves. The content of menthol gradually increased to its maximum value in the full bloom phase, while that of menthone was decreasing. The treatment with Hattrick DP-50 did not influence the essential oil content and its changes during vegetation when compared to untreated plants. Similarly, the application of fungicide did not cause detectable changes in relative representation of main and secondary components of the essential oil. Keywords: 1, 8-cineol, limonene, composition of terpenes, tebuconazole and tolylfluanid, plant signal pathway Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 454-459 Volume: 55 Issue: 10 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2802-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2802-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-200910-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:55:y:2009:i:10:id:2802-PSE