Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Šimek Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Centre AS CR, Institute of Soil Biology and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Brůček Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Centre AS CR, Institute of Soil Biology and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Hynšt Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Centre AS CR, Institute of Soil Biology and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Diurnal fluxes of CO2 and N2O from cattle-impacted soil and implications for emission estimates Abstract: Short-term diurnal changes in emissions of CO2 and N2O were determined in a cattle overwintering area during three specific periods of the year. Production of both N2O and CO2, as determined with gas chambers buried in soil and spatially distributed changed rapidly, and the general course of fluxes of the two gases was different. CO2 emissions were basically controlled by temperature, and most gas chambers showed the same trends in CO2 flux, indicating low spatial heterogeneity. In contrast, N2O emissions were much more spatially heterogeneous and each chamber had its own time course of emission; therefore, the relationship between flux and temperature was more complicated for N2O than CO2. For estimating gas emissions over long periods, we strongly recommend the use of frequent emission measurements during periods of high gas fluxes. Keywords: greenhouse gas, emission estimates, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, pasture Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 451-457 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/127/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/127/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:127-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Vanaja Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: P.R. Ram Reddy Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: N.J. Lakshmi Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: S.K. Abdul Razak Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: P. Vagheera Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: G. Archana Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: S.K. Yadav Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: M. Maheswari Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Author-Name: B. Venkateswarlu Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India Title: Response of seed yield and its components of red gram (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) to elevated CO2 Abstract: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is an important grain legume crop of the semi arid tropics and is a major dietary protein source. The extra short duration cultivar of pigeon pea ICPL 88039 was evaluated at ambient(370 μmol/mol) and twice the ambient (700 μmol/mol) concentrations of CO2 in open top chambers (OTCs). The results showed that the crop recorded a significant positive enhanced response for total biomass, fodder yield, grain yield, number of pods and seeds per plant, test weight and HI at elevated CO2. The ANOVA revealed significant differences in response of the characteristics to CO2 concentrations. Under elevated CO2 the total biomass recorded an improvement of 91.3%, grain yield 150.1%, fodder yield 67.1%. The major contributing components for improved grain yield under elevated CO2 were number of pods, number of seeds and test weight which recorded an increase of 97.9%, 119.5% and 7.2%, respectively. The crop maintained a significant positive increase of harvest index (HI) at elevated CO2 with an increment of 30.7% over ambient values. This increase in HI was due to its improved pod set and seed yield under enhanced CO2 concentration thereby emphasizes this crop for sustained food with nutritional security under climate change scenario. Keywords: pigeon pea, total biomass, yield, pod set, harvest index, elevated CO2 Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 458-462 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/51/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/51/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:51-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ľ. Krajnáková Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Workplace-Name: NovaMed Policlinic, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Author-Name: D. Kákoniová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: D. Lišková Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: E. Hlinková Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Title: The effect of benzothiazolium salt on spruce callus cells Abstract: The effect of 3-(benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)-2-benzothiazolinone (SM-550) on the growth parameters, cell division, and cell polymorphism of spruce callus cells (Picea abies L. Karst) was investigated. These results were compared with callus parameters grown on the medium supplemented with NAA. The highest concentration (1 mmol) of SM-550 stimulated the growth process, as well as cell division, shortened the lag-phase, and had a significant effect on cells polymorphism. Its effect was demonstrated especially on long-term culture (3 subcultures - 84 days). On the other hand, the highest stimulation of growth by SM-550 in 1 μmol concentration was determined only in the first subculture. SM-550 in the lowest concentration (1 nmol) used was completely unsuitable in the third subculture, the callus was necrotic and resembled to calli growing on the medium without growth hormones. Keywords: benzothiazolium salt, callus culture, linear cell polymorphism, Picea abies L. Karst Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 463-469 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/149/2009-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/149/2009-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:149-2009-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Q.S. Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Y.N. Zou Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Author-Name: W. Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Author-Name: X.F. Ye Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Author-Name: H.F. Zai Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Author-Name: L.J. Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, P.R. China Title: Alleviation of salt stress in citrus seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza: changes in leaf antioxidant defense systems Abstract: Citrus is a salt-sensitive plant. In the present study, the salt stress ameliorating the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through antioxidant defense systems was reported. Three-month-old trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by Glomus mosseae or G. versiforme were irrigated with 0 and 100 mmol NaCl solutions. After 49 days of salinity, mycorrhizal structures were obviously restrained by salt stress. Mycorrhizal inoculation especially G. mosseae significantly alleviated the growth reduction of salinity. There were notably lower malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents in the leaves of mycorrhizal seedlings than in non-mycorrhizal ones. Mycorrhizal seedlings recorded notably greater activity of catalase and contents of ascorbate, soluble protein and glutathione under salinity or non-salinity conditions. The seedlings colonized by G. mosseae showed significantly higher antioxidant defense systems response to salinity than by G. versiforme. Our data demonstrate that mycorrhizal (especially G. mosseae) citrus seedlings exhibited greater efficient antioxidant defense systems, which provide better protection against salt damage. Keywords: antioxidants, arbuscular mycorrhiza, reactive oxygen species, salinity, trifoliate orange Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 470-475 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/54/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/54/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:54-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Oveysi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: M.J. Mirhadi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: H. Madani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran Author-Name: G. Nourmohammadi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: R. Zarghami Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran Author-Name: A. Madani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad Branch, Gonabad, Iran Title: The impact of source restriction on yield formation of corn (Zea mays L.) due to water deficiency Abstract: To understand the mechanisms causing yield limitations in defoliated plants subjected to water deficiency, the experiments were laid out as a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement. Soil-water regimes consisted of moderate irrigation until physiological maturity (W1) or short severe water stress periods (W2) at V8 stage of ontogenesis, and tasseling which allotted to the main plots. Defoliation times (V8 and tasseling) and intensities (cutting of one or two thirds of leaf blade) combinations and one control level (five Source restriction treatments) were allotted to subplots. Early defoliation caused reduction in grain yield at W1 and W2 by 19.2 and 14.8%, respectively. On the other hand, water deficiency reduced grain per ear by 23.9% and increased individual grain weight by 37.0% (plasticity of sink capacity). These results show that under water deficiency, grain yield limitation was mostly due to a reduction in dry matter allocation to grains (sink capacity) than a result of lower dry matter production (source strength). Findings suggest that in non-irrigated corn, breeders must direct their selection program to increase grain set and decrease surplus leaves. Keywords: corn, defoliation, drought stress, grain number, grain weight Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 476-481 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/86/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/86/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:86-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Q.Q. Li Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: X.B. Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: Y.H. Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: S.L. Yu Author-Workplace-Name: Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P.R. China Title: Grain yield and quality of winter wheat in different planting patterns under deficit irrigation regimes Abstract: Limited water resources restrict winter wheat grain yield and quality in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China, and establishing optimal planting patterns according to crop water requirements is the key factor for achieving rational water use. In this paper, 4 planting patterns were applied, namely, uniform row (30 cm; traditional pattern), wide (40 cm)-narrow (20 cm) row, furrow (double lines in the furrow with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between furrows), and seed bed (double lines on the bed with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between beds). Each planting pattern was irrigated twice during the jointing and heading stages, and total irrigation water was controlled at 120 mm. Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005 and by 54.3, 42.6, and 30.2 g/m2, respectively, in 2005-2006, mainly because of a significant (LSD, P < 0.05) increase in the spike and kernel numbers. These results were caused by changes in the contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield (CDMRG); the CDMRG was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns by 5.1%, 4.3%, and 2.9%, respectively. Gliadin and glutenin contents in the furrow planting pattern were 4.67% and 5.85%, respectively, and were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher than those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns; however, the furrow planting pattern had no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) effect on albumin and globulin contents. Dough development time (DDT) and dough stable time (DST) in the furrow planting pattern were 5.6 min and 8.8 min, respectively; they were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) improved compared to those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns; however, there were no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) differences in dough breakdown time (DBT) between any of the planting patterns. These results suggest that the furrow planting pattern combined with deficit irrigation during the jointing and heading stages can be applied to winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China. Keywords: winter wheat, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, nutrient quality, processing quality Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 482-487 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/14/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/14/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:14-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Skládanka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Adam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Ryant Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Doležal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Z. Havlíček Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Can Festulolium, Dactylis glomerata and Arrhenatherum elatius be used for extension of the autumn grazing season in Central Europe? Abstract: The paper compares the quality of Festulolium, Dactylis glomerata and Arrhenatherum elatius at the end of the growing season over three years with the contrasting weather in the Czech Republic. The effect of pre-utilisation dates in June or July on the quality of grass forage in October, November and December (harvest dates) was investigated. In the first two years, Arrhenatherum elatius exhibited higher yields (P < 0.05) than Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata. In all treatments, differences between the species and between the years were inconsistent for organic matter digestibility (OMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) but Festulolium showed the lowest crude protein (CP) in all years and crude fibre (CF) in the first 2 years. The longer re-growth time due to earlier final cut in summer increased the yield and decreased the nutritive value in winter. Yields of DM, OMD and CP content generally declined and the CF content increased with the delay of winter harvest. Significant species harvest date interactions in some years were due to the steep increase of CF and NDF in Festulolium. Based on DM yields and nutritive value, all species have some merits as forage for use in possibly extended grazing season. Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata could be used to extend the grazing period in continental conditions. Arrhenatherum elatius had sufficient quality at both dry and warm end of the growing season due to the fact that Arrhenatherum elatius was a representative of drought-resistant species; however, intense grazing could suppress it. Keywords: grasses, digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, winter grazing, weather conditions Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 488-498 Volume: 56 Issue: 10 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/91/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/91/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201010-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:56:y:2010:i:10:id:91-2010-PSE