Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Matula Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Determination of dissolved reactive and dissolved total phosphorus in water extract of soils Abstract: The simplified acid peroxydisulphate digestion of soil water extract was evaluated for determination of total dissolved phosphorus by molybdenum-blue colorimetry in comparison with direct P-detection in water extract by the ICP-AES technique. The research was conducted on 79 agricultural soils with different agrochemical characteristics. The results of the colorimetric P detection in water extract without digestion and ICP phosphorus detection were different. The median of values determined by ICP-AES was 1.7 times higher than that of colorimetry, but the correlations between the two measurements were quite close (r = 0.993). Differences between the colorimetric phosphorus and ICP-AES phosphorus were irregular, increasing as the phosphorus level in soils decreased. The simplified procedure of acid peroxydisulphate digestion is useful for routine determination of total water-extracted phosphorus in soils when the soil testing laboratory is not equipped with the ICP-AES technique. The two-tailed paired t-test did not prove any difference in the values between the direct ICP-AES P-detection in water extract of soils and colorimetric P-detection in the acid peroxydisulphate digest. Keywords: soils, water-extractable phosphorus, colorimetry, ICP-detection, acid peroxydisulphate digestion Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 1-6 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/185/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/185/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:185-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Shahsavari Author-Workplace-Name: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Title: Impact of tryptophan and glutamine on the tissue culture of upland rice Abstract: In order to evaluate the effect of tryptophan and glutamine on the tissue culture of upland rice cultivars, serial experiments were conducted using four cultivars: Kusan, Lamsan, Selasi and Siam. Mature seeds from these cultivars were subjected to 4 levels of tryptophan and glutamine on the MSB5 (MS macro elements, B5 micro elements and B5 vitamins) medium. Callus induction results showed a positive effect of tryptophan on all cultivars except Selasi. The optimal tryptophan concentration for callus induction in cultivars Kusan and Siam was 100 µmol, while in Lamsan the optimum was 200 µmol. With the exception of the Lamsan cultivar, incorporation of glutamine generally did not result in the enhancement of callus induction response that incorporation of tryptophan did. Plantlet regeneration frequency was significantly increased when an appropriate level of tryptophan was added to culture media, the optimum being 100 µmol or Kusan, Selasi and Siam, compared to an optimum of 200 µmol for Lamsan. Glutamine did not affect regeneration frequency in any of the cultivars under the conditions tested. In summary, the results showed that tryptophan is a useful additive for upland rice tissue culture. Keywords: callus induction frequency, plantlet regeneration frequency, embryogenic calli Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 7-10 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/116/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/116/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:116-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L.X. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: H. Qiang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Author-Name: S.Q. Li Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Author-Name: X.L. Chen Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Title: Impact of atmospheric ammonia on growth, C and N accumulation and photosynthesis of two maize cultivars with different N root supply Abstract: Impact of enriched atmospheric NH3 in combination with low and high N medium on growth, total C and N accumulation (CtotA and NtotA) and photosynthetic characteristics of two maize cultivars i.e. SD19 (cult. 1) and NE5 (cult. 2) with low N and N high use efficiency, respectively, was investigated. Plants were exposed to 10 nl/L and 1000 nl/L NH3 fumigation, respectively, for 30 days in open-top chambers (OTCs). Under exposure to the low N medium, increase of the atmospheric NH3 concentration to 1000 nl/L from the ambient level significantly (P < 0.05) increased dry matter (DM) (by 18% in cult. 1 and 14% in cult. 2 respectively), CtotA, NtotA, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) but decreased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) in both cultivars. These effects were more pronounced in cult. 1 as compared to those in cult. 2. In contrast, in the high N solution, enriched atmospheric NH3 led to a decrease in DM, CtotA, NtotA, Pn, Gs and AQY but an increase in Ci of cult. 2 only. Dark respiration rate remained unaffected by enrichment of NH3 in each treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that appropriately enriched atmospheric NH3 can improve plant growth of maize by enhancing CtotA, NtotA, and photosynthesis in the low N medium, especially for low N use efficiency cultivars. Keywords: atmospheric ammonia enrichment, dry matter, carbon accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, photosynthetic characteristic Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 11-18 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/6/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/6/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:6-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Potarzycki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland Title: Effect of magnesium or zinc supplementation at the background of nitrogen rate on nitrogen management by maize canopy cultivated in monoculture Abstract: In five consecutive growth seasons from 2003 to 2007 a response of maize variety Eurostar (var. FAO 240) to supply of NPK fertilizer supplemented with magnesium or zinc was investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of zinc (NPK + Zn) or magnesium (NPK + Mg) in controlling nitrogen management by maize crop fertilized with 80 and 140 kg N/ha. In the course of the study, total grain nitrogen content did not show any response to both experimental factors and weather variability, as well. However, the obtained results indicate, that magnesium and zinc have significantly increased SPAD (chlorophyll index) indices of maize cob leaf at anthesis. A significant effect of both factors interaction on nitrogen accumulation in grain and cob covering leaves was noted, but limited to the 80 kg N/ha treatment. The physiological role of Mg and Zn in nitrogen management was most manifested throughout its greater recovery from nitrogen fertilizer applied at the rate 80 kg N/ha, amounting to 92 and 94% respectively; for the NPK, it was only 78%. Keywords: fertilizer's additives, SPAD index, indices Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 19-25 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/77/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/77/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:77-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Nemati Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Khorramshahr Branch, Khorramshahr, Iran Author-Name: F. Moradi Author-Workplace-Name: Plant Physiology Libratory, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran Author-Name: S. Gholizadeh Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Khorramshahr Branch, Khorramshahr, Iran Author-Name: M.A. Esmaeili Author-Workplace-Name: Facultyof Agronomy, Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Sari, Sari, Iran Author-Name: M.R. Bihamta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Breeding, Agriculture and Natural Resources College, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran Title: The effect of salinity stress on ions and soluble sugars distribution in leaves, leaf sheaths and roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings Abstract: In order to investigate the solutes accumulation associated with salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.), two rice genotypes including IR651 (salt-tolerant) and IR29 (salt-sensitive) were grown hydroponically in the Youshida nutrient solution. Salinity treatment was imposed 3 weeks after sowing using NaCl in two levels 0 and 100 mmol. Samples were separately collected from the youngest (sixth) leaves, leaf sheaths and roots at 72 and 240 h after salinization; then Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, P, Mn2+, Cl- and total soluble sugars concentration and Na+/K+ ratio were determined. Total dry weight of both genotypes decreased with the application of NaCl. Salinity caused higher accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in the sixth leaf and leaf sheath of IR29 than in IR651 while their concentration in root of IR651 was higher. K+ concentration was decreased in the sixth leaf and leaf sheath of IR29 under NaCl stress. Reduction in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were observed in sixth leaves of both genotypes. P concentration was increased in leaf sheath and root of IR29 under saline conditions while it showed no changes in IR651. Our results indicated that the tolerant genotype had mechanisms to prevent high Na+ and Cl- accumulation in the sixth leaf. High total soluble sugars concentration in shoot of IR651 is probably for adjusting osmotic potential and better water uptake under salinity. These mechanisms help plant to avoid tissue death and enable to continue its growth and development under saline conditions. Keywords: ions, rice, salt stress, soluble sugars Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 26-33 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/71/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/71/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:71-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Y. Cui Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environment, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: N. Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environment, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Science, Agriculture University of Hebei, Title: Oxidative stress and change in plant metabolism of maize (Zea mays L.) growing in contaminated soil with elemental sulfur and toxic effect of zinc Abstract: Responses of the chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in maize growing in soil with zinc (Zn) and elemental sulfur (S) were studied. The results showed that sulfur alleviated the high toxicity of Zn and increased the concentration of chlorophyll. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased significantly and catalase (CAT) activity significantly decreased in plants treated with 1000 mg/kg Zn alone. Compared with the control, SOD and POD activity increased from 62.3 to 77.3 U/mg protein and 28 to41 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. However, CAT activity decreased from 1.96 to 1.48 µmol H2O2/min/mg protein. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in maize leaves significantly increased as the concentration of Zn increased. Moderate concentrations of S (32 and 160 mg/kg) alleviated the increase of both SOD and POD activity and the decrease of CAT activity that were observed under conditions of Zn stress. The greatest decrease of SOD and POD activity were 17% and 21% and both were observed in the treatment of 160 mg/kg S combined with 1000 mg/kg Zn. In this treatment, the greatest increase of CAT activity (11%) was also observed. The results suggest that moderate supplementation with S may ameliorate the toxicity caused by excess Zn and plays an important role in protecting plants from oxidative stress induced by excess Zn. Keywords: detoxification of heavy metals, senescence, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, damage membrane Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 34-39 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/193/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/193/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:193-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Cheng Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: G.L. Wu Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Author-Name: L.P. Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: Y. Li Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: W. Li Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Author-Name: J.M. Cheng Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Title: Cumulative effects of 20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above- and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China Abstract: Overgrazing affects typical steppe community in ways similar to grasslands in other areas. Exclusion of livestock grazing is one of the main management practices used to protect grasslands. However, it is not known if long-term exclusion of livestock grazing has positive effect on above- and belowground community properties in typical steppe of the Loess Plateau. We studied the long-term (20-year) cumulative effects of exclusion of livestock grazing on above- and belowground community properties compared with that before exclusion of livestock grazing in a typical steppe of the Loess Plateau, NW China. Our results show that twenty-year exclusion of livestock grazing significantly increased above- and belowground biomass, species richness, cover and height for five different communities. Most of belowground biomass was in the 0-20 cm horizon and grazing exclusion increased biomass especially at the depth of 0-10 cm. Our study suggests that long-term exclusion of livestock grazing can greatly improve community properties of typical steppe in the Loess Plateau. Keywords: grazing exclusion, underground biomass, arid grasslands, the Loess Hilly-Gully Region Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 40-44 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/153/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/153/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201101-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:57:y:2011:i:1:id:153-2010-PSE