Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Q. Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Water Conservation, Pir Mehr Ali shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: G.X. Pan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: Y.Z. Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: A. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: L.Q. Li Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: X.H. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: Z.J. Jin Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China Title: Microbial community dynamics and function associated with rhizosphere over periods of rice growth Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to illustrate the different degree and dynamics of microbial community structure and function in the rhizosphere across four growing stages (before plantation and three growth stages) using a combination of biochemical (enzyme assay and microbial biomass carbon) and molecular approaches of qPCR and PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Rice plant cultivation promoted higher enzyme activities (invertase and urease), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), bacterial (16S rRNA) and fungal (ITS rRNA) genes abundances in the rhizosphere compared to unplanted soil. Principal component analyses of PCR-DGGE profile also revealed that structures of bacterial and fungal communities of rice planted soil were well distinct from unplanted soil. Moreover, enzyme activities showed a significant positive correlation with the total microbial biomass in the rhizosphere throughout growth stages of rice plant. Relative fungal: bacterial ratios were significantly higher in rice planted soil compared to unplanted soil, suggesting rice plantation enhanced the fungal community in the rice rhizosphere environment. These results further suggest a significant linkage between the microbial community dynamics and function in the rhizosphere associated with rice plant over time. Keywords: Oryza sativa, temporal effect, spatial effect, symbiosis of plants and soil microflora, enzyme activities, field ecosystems Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 55-61 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/390/2010-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/390/2010-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:390-2010-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Z. Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, Author-Name: Y. Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: J. Han Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: D. Shi Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China Title: Effects of salt stress on ion balance and nitrogen metabolism in rice Abstract: The aim of this study was to test the effects of salt stress on nitrogen metabolism and ion balance in rice plants. The contents of inorganic ions, total amino acids, and NO3- in the stressed seedlings were then measured. The expressions of some critical genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were also assayed to test their roles in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism during adaptation of rice to salt stress. The results showed that when seedlings were subjected to salt stress for 4 h, in roots, salt stress strongly stimulated the accumulations of Na+ and Cl-, and reduced K+ content; however, in leaves, only at 5 days these changes were observed. This confirmed that the response of root to salt stress was more sensitive than that of leaf. When seedlings were subjected to salt stress for 4 h, salt stress strongly stimulated the expression of OsGS1;1, OsNADH-GOGAT, OsAS, OsGS1;3, OsGDH1, OsGDH2, OsGDH3 in both leaves and roots of rice, after this time point their expression decreased. Namely, at 5 days most of genes involved in NH4+ assimilation were downregulated by salt stress, which might be the response to NO3- change. Salt stress did not reduce NO3- contents in both roots and leaves at 4 h, whereas at 5 days salt stress mightily decreased the NO3- contents. The deficiencies of NO3- in both roots and leaves can cause a large downregulation of OsNR1 and the subsequent reduction of NH4+ production. This event might immediately induce the downregulations of the genes involved in NH4+ assimilation. Keywords: ion accumulation, sodium, ammonia assimilation, gene expression, Oryza sativa L Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 62-67 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/615/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/615/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:615-2011-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Růžek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Růžková Author-Workplace-Name: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Voříšek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Vráblíková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Vráblík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic Title: Slit seeded grass-legume mixture improves coal mine reclamation Abstract: Slit seeding (sowing into shallow cuts to the soil surface) was evaluated on coal mine reclamation in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin (Czech Republic) between 2001 and 2008, on plots both with and without biodegradable waste enrichment. Prior to experimentation (in 2000, once) were applied dehydrated, anaerobically digested wastewater sludge, 200 (41) t/ha fresh mass (dry mass), together with paper mill waste, 400 (131) t/ha, and bark substrate Envima, 400 (145) t/ha. Spontaneous herbaceous cover was enhanced each end of April from 2001 to 2003 by slit seeded grass-legume mixture containing Festuca pratensis L. (46%); Lotus corniculatus L. (22%); Coronilla varia L. (18%); Festuca rubra L. (9%); and Medicago lupulina L. (5%). All slit seeded species proliferated better on surface strip mine deposits without biodegradable waste enrichment and brought beneficial changes in a number of parameters over the ensuing five years due to lower competition with native expanding eutrophic species including Calamagrostis epigejos L.; Cardaria draba L.; Urtica dioica L.; and Galium aparine L. Available organic carbon (extracted from field-moist soil by 0.5 mol/L K2SO4) showed a notable tendency toward values 10-66 mg C/kg DM (dry mass), microbial biomass 302-1131 mg C/kg DM, basal respiration 3.9-5.8 mg C/kg DM/h, and metabolic quotient (basal respiration/microbial biomass carbon) × 1000 = 5.2-7.9. Keywords: Festuca pratensis L., Lotus corniculatus L., Coronilla varia L., wastewater sludge, paper mill waste, bark substrate, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass, respiration Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 68-75 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/397/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/397/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:397-2011-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: F. Vašák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: L. Peklová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Sedlář Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The effect of mineral N fertiliser and sewage sludge on yield and nitrogen efficiency of silage maize Abstract: A field experiment was conducted on a chernozem soil to estimate fertiliser N efficiency of silage maize (Zea mays L.) by the difference method as influenced by the type of N fertiliser (mineral-MF vs. sewage sludge-SS), and N rate. Eight N treatments were included (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N/ha prior to maize sowing, 60 kg N/ha at planting in MF; 120, and 240 kg N/ha in SS. The average dry mater (DM) yields were 11.2-14.8 t/ha. Average nitrogen uptakes were 88-185 kg N/ha, when the average N contents in DM were 0.8-1.25%. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) was a relatively stable value for treatments with MF. The best use of nitrogen from MF was reached by 60 and 120 kg/ha N doses. The average values of recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) were calculated as 41-57%. The use of SS increased the yield of silage maize by 19-25% compared to control, above all first and second year after their application. Mineral-fertilizer-N equivalents (MFE) for SS were calculated as 55 and 64%. Keywords: long-term field experiment, maize yield, nitrogen, N agronomic efficiency, N recovery efficiency, N uptake, N utilization efficiency Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 76-83 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/538/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/538/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:538-2011-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Vooková Author-Workplace-Name: Instituteof Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovak Republic Author-Name: J. Hřib Author-Workplace-Name: Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Adamec Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics and Operational Analysis, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Testing of Algerian fir zygotic and somatic embryos on defence reactions in vitro Abstract: Defence reactions of desiccated cotyledonary somatic embryos and mature zygotic embryos of Abies numidica were tested by dual cultures with tester, fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. Both types of embryos expressed defence reactions. Mutual comparisons of zygotic and somatic embryos showed important differences between defence reactions against mycelial growth towards these embryos. Greater defence reactions were observed in zygotic embryos relative to defence found in somatic embryos. Keywords: Abies numidica, mycelial growth, Phaeolus, dual cultures Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 84-90 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/237/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/237/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:237-2011-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Krofta Author-Workplace-Name: Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd, Žatec, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Pokorný Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: T. Kudrna Author-Workplace-Name: Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd, Žatec, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Ježek Author-Workplace-Name: Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd, Žatec, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Pulkrábek Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Křivánek Author-Workplace-Name: Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd, Žatec, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Bečka Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The effect of application of copper fungicides on photosynthesis parameters and level of elementary copper in hops Abstract: Photosynthesis and transpiration rates in the interval of 30 min before and 30 min after copper fungicide application show an increase from the level of 5.0 to 7.0 µmol CO2/m2/s and 0.75 to 1.00 mmol H20/m2/s. Long-term measurements show that the increase of photosynthesis rate after copper application is temporal and fades away after 10-14 days. No stress response was induced after the application of copper fungicides. Contents of copper in hop cones are up to 500 mg/kg if total amount of applied copper does not exceed 15 kg/ha. Contents of copper on leaves are 2-5 times higher at the same application dose. Application of 5 kg copper per one hectare of vigorous growth of Agnus variety increases content of copper on hop leaves by 1000 mg/kg at least. The same amount of copper increases its content in hop cones by 300 mg/kg at the ripening period. Tight correlation between the amount of copper applied and its content in hops does not exist. Elementary copper from leaves is brought into harvested hops in the form of biological admixtures. Copper content in hop cones shows a decreasing trend, which is given by gradual increase of cones size at the ripening period. Similar trend on hop leaves shows that washing off and dissolving of copper compounds by atmospheric water can participate in this process as well. Common content of copper in untreated hop cones and leaves is up to 20-25 mg/kg. Keywords: downy mildew, copper, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 91-97 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/437/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/437/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:437-2011-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Q.H. Zhu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Name: D.Y. Huang Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Name: S.L. Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Name: Z.C. Luo Author-Workplace-Name: Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Name: H.H. Zhu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Name: B. Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: M. Lei Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Z.X. Rao Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: X.L. Cao Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China Title: Assessment of single extraction methods for evaluating the immobilization effect of amendments on cadmium in contaminated acidic paddy soil Abstract: Various single extractants (EDTA, DTPA, CaCl2, NaNO3 and NH4NO3) and the first step of Community Bureau of Reference (BCR1) method were used to evaluate the immobilization of Cd in contaminated acidic paddy soil by different amendments. The extractability of Cd in amended soil changed in the following order: EDTA ≍ BCR1 > DTPA > NH4NO3 ≍ CaCl2 > NaNO3. A simple correlation analysis indicated that the BCR1, CaCl2, NH4NO3, and NaNO3 methods are the best suited methods for predicting changes in the phytoavailability to rice of Cd in soil (r = 0.680 to 0.828, P < 0.001), followed by the DTPA extraction procedure (r = 0.543 to 0.666, P < 0.01). However, non-significant correlations were observed between soil EDTA-extractable Cd and Cd accumulated in rice. Accordingly, the BCR1, CaCl2, NH4NO3, and NaNO3 extraction procedures are recommended for evaluating the immobilization of Cd in contaminated acidic paddy soil. Keywords: Cd, phytoavailability, extractant, rice, EDTA Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 98-103 Volume: 58 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.17221/358/2011-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/358/2011-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201202-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:58:y:2012:i:2:id:358-2011-PSE