Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Hejnák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: H. Hniličková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: F. Hnilička Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Andr Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Gas exchange and Triticum sp. with different ploidy in relation to irradiance Abstract: Different species of Triticum were grown during a greenhouse experiment, including T. monococcum L., T. dicoccum Schrank, T. durum Desf., T. spelta L. and T. aestivum cv. Vánek. The goal was to establish the influence of irradiance on the parameters of photosynthetic performance in relation to their ploidy. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured at irradiance ranging from 217-1305 µmol/m2/s. In all monitored species, saturation irradiance for photosynthesis at the level of 609 µmol/m2/s was reached. The highest average Pn was measured in the diploid T. monococcum (32.5 µmol CO2/m2/s) while the lowest Pn occurred in the hexaploid T. spelta (22.0 µmol CO2/m2/s). The Pn in hexaploid T. aestivum (29.6 µmol CO2/m2/s) was comparable with the tetraploid T. durum. Similarly, E also decreased with the increase of ploidy. The highest gs was measured in T. durum (1.03 mol CO2/m2/s) and T. aestivum (0.99 mol CO2/m2/s). In all monitored species a close linear dependency was recorded between Pn and gs. Species with lower ploidy reach maximum values of Pn with lower gs. Hexaploid T. aestivum and tetraploid T. durum, require higher gs in order to achieve higher Pn and yet they do not reach the Pn values of species with lower ploidy. Keywords: wheat, photosynthetically active radiation, polyploid, phenotypic plasticity, genotypes, photosynthesis-irradiance curves Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 47-52 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/591/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/591/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:591-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Z.M. Dai Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: T.S. Xu Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: X.G. Li Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: H. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: Y. Li Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: X.L. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Biology Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China Title: Effect of different water supply on accumulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymers in near-isogenic wheat lines Abstract: Accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in wheat grains are important indicators of grain quality. Two near-isogenic wheat lines, Line 11 (HMW-GS null, 7 + 9, 5 + 10) and Line 12 (HMW-GS null, 17 + 18, 5 + 10), were used to evaluate the impacts of different water supply on HMW-GS and GMP accumulation, and the GMP particle distributions in the grains. Three irrigation levels were implemented in a field and a pot experiment, respectively. Results indicated that drought is beneficial for grain desiccation in the two wheat lines at late filling stage. Compared to mild and excess watering, the total HMW-GS concentration at maturity was much lower when subjected to soil water deficit. Both drought and excess watering led to a reduced glutenin particle size and GMP content at maturity, indicating that a mild water supply could promote the accumulation of GMP and formation of lager glutenin particles. As opposed to Line 12, Line 11 showed an increase in accumulation of GMP and larger glutenin polymers. Keywords: Triticum aestivum, quality of wheat, flour, synthesis of glutenin, polymerization Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 53-59 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/728/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/728/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:728-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ch. Kunz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: D.J. Sturm Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: D. Varnholt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: F. Walker Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: R. Gerhards Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Title: Allelopathic effects and weed suppressive ability of cover crops Abstract: Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the weed suppressing effects of cover crops in single and mixed cultivation. Weed densities in the field experiments ranged from 0 to 267 plants/m2 with Chenopodium album L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. as predominant weeds. It was found that mustard (Sinapis alba L.), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger J. Kern) and spring vetch (Vicia sativa L.) supressed weeds by 60% and cover crop mixtures controlled weeds by 66% during the fallow period at three experimental locations in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The biochemical effect of the same cover crops/mixtures on weed growth was analysed in laboratory experiments. Aqueous cover crop extracts were applied on weeds and analysed using LC/MS/MS. Mean germination time, germination rate and root length of weeds were determined. Extracts prolonged the germination time by 54% compared to the control with only water. In all cases, inhibitory effects on germination rate and root length were measured. Weed density in the field was found to be correlated with the root length in the germination tests. Our work reveals that biochemical effects play a major role in weed suppression of cover crops. Keywords: allelopathy, erosion, root growth, competition, inter cropping Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 60-66 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/612/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/612/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:612-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Buczek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Production, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland Author-Name: W. Jarecki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Production, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland Author-Name: D. Bobrecka-Jamro Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Crop Production, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland Title: The response of population and hybrid wheat to selected agro-environmental factors Abstract: The field experiment was conducted in the years 2011-2014 at three localities (Przecław, Dukla, Lubliniec) of south-east Poland with changing environmental conditions. Population cultivars (Batuta and Bogatka) and hybrid cultivars (Hybred and Hymack) of winter wheat and cultivation technologies (extensive, low-input, medium-input, high-input) were studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation technology levels and environmental conditions on the grain yield and protein composition in the grain of population and hybrid wheat cultivars. Higher grain yield, the contents of protein, gluten and fraction of gliadins and high molecular weight (HMW)-glutenins were observed in the case of wheat growing in gleic fluvisol and at precipitation of 453-776 mm than in haplic luvisol and at precipitation of 599-805 mm. The high-input technology affected an increase in grain parameters (yield, protein, gluten) and the amount of gluten proteins by 6.6 (medium-input) and by 26.5% (extensive). The population cv. Bogatka showed higher crude protein and gluten content, the grain yield amounted to 6.6 t/ha and the amount of gluten proteins was 51.7 mAU.s. The hybrid cv. Hymack was characterized by the highest grain yield (7.2 t/ha) but the lowest amounts of protein, gluten and allergenic subunits α/β, γ, ω-gliadins. Keywords: Triticum aestivum, cereal crop, nitrogen fertilization, rainfall, climatic and soil conditions Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 67-73 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/615/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/615/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:615-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Stehlíková Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Madaras Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Lipavský Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: T. Šimon Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Study on some soil quality changes obtained from long-term experiments Abstract: Agricultural practice often causes soil structure degradation and as a result it leads to changes in soil fertility and quality. The aim of this study was to compare soil aggregate stability (SAS) and soil organic matter (OM) quantity and quality in different systems of soil management. Three adjoining long-term experiments established on Chernozem were chosen; they were all set up in different years with different crop rotations and comparable fertilization treatments: control (without fertilization); NPK; manure; NPK + manure; N + manure; OM and NPK + OM. SAS was statistically significantly lower in the trial with the highest proportion of cereals in the crop rotation. Differences among the fertilization treatments were noticeable, but not significant; the lowest SAS was observed at treatments with the mineral NPK fertilization. Significant correlation was found out between SAS and C/N ratio (R = -0.571; P < 0.05) and between SAS and soil pH (R = 0.30; P < 0.05). Further, the individual trials differed in soil pH. A significant positive influence of the treatment NPK + manure was observed in the content of hot water-extractable carbon (Chwl) and total soil organic carbon and nitrogen. The significant correlation between the 3000-2800/cmpeak area of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and labile organic compounds in soil (Chwl) was confirmed. Keywords: crop production, land management, farmyard manure, fraction, soil susceptibility Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 74-79 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/633/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/633/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:633-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L.T. Liu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: H.C. Sun Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: J. Chen Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: Y.J. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: X.D. Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: D.X. Li Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Author-Name: C.D. Li Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of Hebei Province, Baoding, P.R. China Title: Cotton seedling plants adapted to cadmium stress by enhanced activities of protective enzymes Abstract: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a global major crop with strong tolerance to abiotic stress, but its tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Cd stress on the seedling growth and some physiological properties of cotton. Cotton seedlings with three fully expended leaves were treated with Cd at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L), and seedling growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, malonaldehyde (MDA) content, photosynthetic rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity in the main-stem leaves were measured 5 days or 10 days after stress treatment. It was found that with the increase in the Cd concentration, the SOD and POD activity of the stressed seedlings displayed an increase first and then a decrease. The MDA content increased and the Chl decreased, which finally led to a decline in plant height and leaf area. The results suggest that cotton seedlings were adapted to low-concentration Cd stress by the increased protective enzyme activity, but over 50 μmol/L of Cd concentration would exert a significantly inhibitory effect on the photosynthetic properties and protective enzyme activity of the cotton leaves. Cotton plants can be adapted to low Cd stress by increasing the activity of the protective enzymes. Keywords: toxic element, heavy metal, plant oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 80-85 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/706/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/706/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:706-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Hamouz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Pazderů Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Lachman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Čepl Author-Workplace-Name: Potato Research Institute, Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic Author-Name: Z. Kotíková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Effect of cultivar, flesh colour, locality and year on carotenoid content in potato tubers Abstract: In this study, twelve cultivars of potato with different flesh colour (yellow, purple and red) were cultivated in 2012 and 2013 in two trial localities in the Czech Republic and evaluated for the main individual carotenoids. The content of total carotenoids (TC) in analysed cultivars ranged in 1.1-12.2 mg/kg in dry matter (DM) and was influenced by genotype cultivar, locality and year. Cv. Agria (yellow flesh) reached 1.8 to 11.8 times higher levels of TC compared with cultivars of coloured flesh. Locality and year of higher average temperatures during the growing season produced higher TC contents in tubers. Genotype significantly influenced the content and composition of individual carotenoids. As in cv. Agria, violaxanthin (41%) and lutein (55-78%) dominated in all cultivars with coloured flesh. The relative content of β-carotene in cv. Agria represented 2% of TC, in cultivars with coloured flesh 5-12% TC. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, tuberous crop, xanthophyll, biological antioxidant, variety of potato, weather condition Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 86-91 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/731/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/731/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:731-2015-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Y.-J. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: M. Xie Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: D.-L. Peng Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: J.-J. Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Z.-R. Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Title: Dynamics of microbial population size in rhizosphere soil of Monsanto's Cry1Ac cotton Abstract: Monsanto's Bt-cotton NC 33B, planted in northern China for more than one decade, effectively controls cotton bollworms; however the understanding of its potential effects on soil microorganisms is limited. The dynamics of eubacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population sizes in rhizosphere soil of the Bt cotton were analysed by real-time PCR (qPCR) at the different growth stages under field conditions during 2009 to 2011. Results showed that the population sizes (microbial rDNA gene copies) of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil were markedly affected by natural variations in the environment related to the year, cotton growth and cultivar. However, there was no significant difference in eubacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population size in rhizosphere soil between the Bt-cotton NC 33B and its near-isogenic comparator DP 5415. In general, the Bt-cotton NC 33B did not show evident effects on the population sizes of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil under field conditions after three-year cultivation. Keywords: Bt protein, soil ecosystem, microbial community, Gossypium hirsutum L Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 92-97 Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/770/2015-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/770/2015-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201602-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:62:y:2016:i:2:id:770-2015-PSE