Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evžen ŠÁRKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav DVOŘÁČEK Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Biosynthesis of waxy starch - a review Abstract: Starch comprises nearly linear amylose and branched amylopectin, whilst waxy starches are a special form, containing almost exclusively amylopectin. Modern techniques in plant breeding together with new data from starch biosynthesis research have enabled new food and non-food uses of waxy starches. This paper describes the basic ways of glucose conversion to waxy starch in plants. The recent evidence of ADP-Glc accumulation in cytosol of photosynthetically competent cells proposes a more complex pathway of starch biosynthesis based on a tight interconnection of sucrose and starch metabolic pathways. Also many studies indicate the existence of different pathways for the sucrose-starch conversion process in heterotrophic organs of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. At least six classes of starch synthases (SS) have been recognised in plants including soluble SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5, and granule bound SS (GBSS), required for the synthesis of short and long chains of amylopectin, till now. As to amylose (not-present in waxy starches), GBSS is the only starch synthase isoform encoded by the waxy genes situated at independent loci. Keywords: waxy protein, Calvin-Benson cycle, sucrose-starch conversion, starch-branching enzyme, adenosine diphosphoglucose Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 335-341 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/324/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/324/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:324-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beata RUTKOWSKA Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Wiesław SZULC Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Ewa SZARA Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Monika SKOWROŃSKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: Tamara JADCZYSZYN Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Title: Soil N2O emissions under conventional and reduced tillage methods and maize cultivation Abstract: The study concerned the determination of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under conventional and reduced tillage conditions. In the reduced cultivation, a soil cultivating seed drill was used for simultaneous sowing of seeds and subsurface application of fertilizer. The emission levels of the gas tested were dependent on the year of the study and the method of soil tillage, and were subject to considerable changes during the growing season. The use of reduced soil tillage significantly limited emissions of the analysed gas into the atmosphere. Depending on the year of the study, N2O emission in the reduced tillage system was from 15% to 40% lower than in the conventional system. Low levels of easily mineralized components in soil could have been the cause of the reduction in N2O emissions to the atmosphere. Keywords: greenhouse gas, global warming, Zea mays, conventional tillage Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 342-347 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/291/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/291/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:291-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhiyu ZUO Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education/High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, School of Agricultural Equipment and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China Author-Name: LI Xiangnan Author-Workplace-Name: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark Author-Name: XU Chao Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education/High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, School of Agricultural Equipment and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Junjie YANG Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education/High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, School of Agricultural Equipment and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiancan ZHU Author-Workplace-Name: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Shengqun LIU Author-Workplace-Name: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Fengbin SONG Author-Workplace-Name: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Fulai LIU Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark Author-Name: Hanping MAO Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education/High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, School of Agricultural Equipment and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China Title: Responses of barley Albina and Xantha mutants deficient in magnesium chelatase to soil salinity Abstract: Soil salinity reduces the plant growth and grain yield in barley. The barley mutants Albina and Xantha, deficient in magnesium chelatase, represent a suitable model object for analysis of the roles of chloroplast in salt stress response. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Svalofs Bonus) and four nonallelic Albina (alb-e16 and alb-f17) and Xantha (xan-s46 and xan-b12) mutants were used to investigate the effects of soil salinity on physiological traits of plants. Under salt stress, larger reduction in stomatal conductance and higher Na concentration was found in Albina and Xantha mutants compared with wild type (WT). In addition, the Albina and Xantha mutants had lower capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging while higher ROS generation rate compared with WT, exposed to soil salinity. Therefore, the limitations in chloroplast development affected Na+/K+ homeostasis and decreased the oxygen scavenging capacity, hence affecting the salt tolerance in barley. Keywords: stress condition, ion toxicity, chlorophyll biosynthesis, sugars Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 348-354 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/329/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/329/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:329-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lenka DEMKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Beáta BARANOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Jozef OBOŇA Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Július ÁRVAY Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Author-Name: Tomáš LOŠÁK Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Assessment of air pollution by toxic elements on petrol stations using moss and lichen bag technique Abstract: Three moss (Pleurosium spp., Polytrichum spp., Rhytidiadelphus spp.) and two lichen taxa (Hypogymnia physodes L., Pseudevernia furfuracea L.), were exposed for four weeks in six petrol stations, two consecutive years (2015-2016), in urban area of the Prešov city (Slovakia), to assess accumulation of selected airborne elements Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Significantly highest (P < 0.01) ability to accumulate Zn, Ni, Co and Fe was found in Pleurosium spp.; Pseudevernia furfuracea was determined the best accumulator of Hg, whereas Rhytidiadelphus spp. was found as the least suitable for this purpose. No significant differences in heavy metal accumulation between moss and lichen taxonomic group were found. Samples of conifer (used as a moss/lichen bag holder) showed significantly lower content of heavy metals compared to mosses and lichens. Major content of heavy metals trapped in the air around petrol stations, did not originate from the petrol combustion, but predominantly from the car body, which is mechanically disrupted during fuelling. Keywords: road dust, roadside environment, emission, bio-monitoring, pollutant, coniferous tree Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 355-361 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/297/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/297/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:297-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena HNILIČKOVÁ Author-Name: František HNILIČKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslava MARTINKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Kamil KRAUS Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Effects of salt stress on water status, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of rocket Abstract: Salinity is a significant environmental factor affecting physiological processes in plants. This study monitors the effect of salt stress induced by the NaCl solution (0 - deionized water; 50, 100, 200, 300 mmol/L) in rocket (Eruca sativa (L.) Mill.) cv. Astro over the course of 50 days. Salt stress significantly affected the monitored parameters. The osmotic potential decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations, while relative water content decrease did not take place until 200 mmol/L NaCl. Compared to the control group, transpiration (E) decreased at the concentration of 50 mmol/L NaCl and stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased at 100 mmol/L NaCl. Further increase of salt concentrations did not affect Pn and no significant differences gs, E and substomatal concentration CO2 were measured between the concentrations of 200 and 300 mmol/L NaCl. A decrease of Fv/Fm took place from the concentration of 100 mmol/L NaCl, while differences between 200 and 300 mmol/L NaCl were also not significant. The obtained results therefore prove the tolerance of the E. sativa cv. Astro to salt stress. Keywords: rucola, salinity, gas exchange, osmotic stress, net assimilation, ratio Fv/Fm, osmotic adjustment Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 362-367 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/398/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/398/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:398-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Veronika VALIČKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Kateřina HAMOUZOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Michaela KOLÁŘOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Josef SOUKUP Title: Germination responses to water potential in Bromus sterilis L. under different temperatures and light regimes Abstract: Barren brome (Bromus sterilis L.) is a troublesome weed of winter cereals in western and central Europe and its control requires an exact estimation of emergence time. The study focused on the germination response of populations from the Czech Republic to water availability at different temperatures and under different light regimes. Seeds were able to germinate even at very low water potential (Ψ) close to the wilting point, but decreasing temperatures below 25°C and exposure to light decreased the germination percentage (GP) and prolonged the time to reach 50% germination (T50). At higher temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C, seeds germinated up to a Ψ value of-1.5 MPa; however, the GP differed between light (0-3%) and darkness (50-75%). At the highest temperature of 25°C and germination in water, T50 was less than 1 day, but a decrease in Ψ to -1.5 MPa prolonged the T50 to 5 days; however, this occurred without any significant effect of light regime. With decreasing temperature and Ψ, seeds were more sensitive to the light regime and the disproportion between T50 in light and darkness increased. At a Ψ of less than -1.0 MPa, seeds needed twice as long for germination in light than in darkness when germinating at 20°C or 15°C. The results may be of value for the development of predictive models and for identifying times when weed control may be the most effective. Keywords: weedy grass, seed ecology, water stress, hydrothermal time Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 368-374 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/406/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/406/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:406-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena HNILIČKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav HEJNÁK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Lenka NĚMCOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslava MARTINKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milan SKALICKÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: František HNILIČKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Philippe GRIEU Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toulouse, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, Agronomic National School of Toulouse, Tolosan, France Title: The effect of freezing temperature on physiological traits in sunflower Abstract: This study was conducted to identify the physiological mechanisms associated with the resistance and tolerance of young sunflower plants to freezing temperatures. The effect of overnight temperature -3°C on the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and the osmotic potential (Ψπ) was determined in five genotypes of sunflower: C33, C98, C124 and C148 were chosen from the population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) based on contrasted responses to low temperature, and a wild genotype 2603 that was chosen for its ability to maintain activities in cold conditions. The night temperature -3°C over the course of 10 h caused an immediate significant decrease of Fv/Fm in C33, C98, C124 and C148. In the case of genotype C98, the effect of this freezing temperature was manifested by a significant increase of REL. Significant changes of Ψπ, as a reaction to the effect of freezing temperatures, were not found in any of the monitored genotypes. The measurements of the physiological traits after 5 days of regeneration indicated the renewal of integrity of cellular structures and an increase of PSII reaction centre efficiency in all monitored genotypes. From the point of view of tolerance or sensitivity, the wild genotype 2603 showed itself as tolerant towards the tested freezing temperature, displaying insignificant differences with control plants in all monitored traits. Genotype C98 appears to be the most sensitive from the monitored set, with evident changes in two traits signalling frost damage. Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., cold acclimation, chlorophyll fluorescence, early sowing Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 375-380 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/214/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/214/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:214-2017-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yabo WANG Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Siyu WEI Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Yue SUN Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Wei MAO Author-Workplace-Name: Station of Land Protection of the Yangzhou City, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Tingting DANG Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Weiqin YIN Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Shengsen WANG Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiaozhi WANG Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China Title: Elevated ozone level affects micronutrients bioavailability in soil and their concentrations in wheat tissues Abstract: To investigate the bioavailability of essential micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) in soil-plant system, sequential scheme of weak acid soluble (WAS), reducible (RED) and oxidizable (OXI) fractions was used to evaluate the bioavailability of micronutrients in different soil depths. The results revealed that at the tillering stage elevated O3 concentration significantly increased WAS-Fe at 0-5 cm and 10-15 cm soils by 69.11% and 59.72%, respectively. At the ripening stage, both WAS-Cu and RED-Cu were significantly increased in elevated O3 treatment compared to control, while WAS-Mn only showed significant in 0-5 cm soil. In bulk soil, WAS-Zn and RED-Zn concentrations were generally greater than those in control, which was more evident at 10-15 cm soil. Besides, O3 decreased the whole plant biomass by 14.63% and increased the root to shoot ratio. Elevated O3 significantly increased grain Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations by 9.37, 36.68 and 48.18%, respectively, while it decreased Zn by 17.09%. It can be inferred that altered micronutrients bioavailability in soil and nutrients uptake in plants are likely associated with the changed soil chemical properties and plant physiology in response to the rising O3 level. Keywords: Triticum aestivum, microelement, nutrition, sequential analysis Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 381-387 Volume: 63 Issue: 8 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/323/2017-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/323/2017-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-201708-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:63:y:2017:i:8:id:323-2017-PSE