Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lanlan Tang Author-Workplace-Name: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China Author-Name: Ming Zhan Author-Name: Chunhui Shang Author-Workplace-Name: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China Author-Name: Jiayi Yuan Author-Workplace-Name: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China Author-Name: Yibing Wan Author-Workplace-Name: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China Author-Name: Mingguang Qin Author-Workplace-Name: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China Title: Dynamics of root exuded carbon and its relationships with root traits of rapeseed and wheat Abstract: Quantifying carbon in root exudates and exploring their influencing factors are essential to understand soil organic carbon dynamics in cropland. A pot experiment was carried out to explore quantitative relations between root exuded carbon and root traits in wheat and rapeseed. The result showed that rapeseed had a similar pattern in root carbon exudation intensity (EI) as the wheat, but its EI per plant was obviously higher than that in wheat. Rapeseed plants had higher EI per root biomass than wheat plants in the early growth period but lower in the late growth period. EI per root biomass in both crops had significant exponential relationships with the specific root length (RL), surface area (RSA), volume (RV), root C/N ratio and root soluble sugar content. However, EI per plant of both crops had a markedly quadratic relationship with RL, RSA, RV and root biomass. During the whole growth period, the rapeseed had cumulative root carbon exudation of 14.09 g/plant, which was almost twice of that in the wheat plant. Root traits had close relations to root carbon exudation in both crops. Quantitative regression models between them could be referred to estimate root C exudation in rapeseed and wheat farmland. Keywords: rhizosphere, Brassica napus L., Triticum aestivum L., root morphology, root biochemical traits Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 317-323 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/561/2020-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/561/2020-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:561-2020-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaodong Guo Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Fang Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Hailian Hu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Liwen Xu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Qianlan Jiang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Jing Ding Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P.R. China Author-Name: Bo Xu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Yunyun Li Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Yanhui Chen Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Author-Name: Guo Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China Title: Influence of zero-valent iron and rice husk on As and Cd uptake in rice Abstract: Zero-valent iron (ZVI) and rice husk (RH) have potential as adsorbents for heavy metals; however, their effects on iron plaque formation and heavy metal uptake by plants are still unclear. In this study, the impacts of ZVI, RH and their combinations on iron plaque formation on the root surface and the uptake of As and Cd by rice plants were investigated. A pot experiment was performed under waterlogged conditions using As(III)- or Cd(II)-spiked soil. The results showed that ZVI (0.05% or 0.2%) with or without RH significantly increased iron plaque formation and Fe contents in rice plants and pore water. Under As treatment, ZVI (0.05% or 0.2%) without or with RH obviously increased the As content in plaques and reduced the As content in grains by 67% and 66% and 19% and 24%, respectively. The Cd content was markedly increased in iron plaques and reduced in roots, shoots and grains by ZVI and RH. ZVI (0.05% or 0.2%), RH and their combinations reduced the grain Cd content by 61, 62, 60, 68 and 69%. These findings suggest that ZVI is effective in hindering As and Cd uptake by rice with or without RH in paddies contaminated with As or Cd. Keywords: paddy soil, bioavailability, adsorption, accumulation, translocation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 324-330 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/143/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/143/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:143-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madhab Kumar Sen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Kateřina Hamouzová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Sunil Kanti Mondal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India Author-Name: Josef Soukup Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Identification of the optimal codons for acetolactate synthase from weeds: an in-silico study Abstract: Although various studies of codon usage bias have been reported in a broad spectrum of organisms, no studies to date have examined codon usage bias for herbicide target genes. In this study, we analysed codon usage patterns for the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene in eight monocot weeds and one model monocot. The base composition at the third codon position follows C3 > G3 > T3 > A3. The values of the effective number of codons (ENC or Nc) indicate low bias, and ENC or Nc vs. GC3 plot suggests that this low bias is due to mutational pressure. Low codon adaptation index and codon bias index values further supported the phenomenon of low bias. Additionally, the optimal codons, along with over- and under-represented codons, were identified. Gene design using optimal codons rather than overall abundant codons produce improved protein expression results. Our results can be used for further studies, including eliciting the mechanisms of herbicide resistance (occurring due to elevation of gene expression levels) and the development of new compounds, their efficiency and risk assessment for herbicide resistance evolution. Keywords: herbicide-resistant weeds, heterologous gene expression, primer designing, recombinant ALS protein Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 331-336 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/562/2020-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/562/2020-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:562-2020-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amin Hossein Naeim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Author-Name: Jila Baharlouei Author-Name: Mitra Ataabadi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Title: Different biological strategies for the bioremediation of naturally polluted soils Abstract: Finding an appropriate method with the highest rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal from naturally polluted soils is an important research issue. A pot factorial experiment (using contaminated soil samples from the Isfahan Refinery, Iran) was conducted in a 90-day period to compare the following bioremediation strategies: (1) natural attenuation (NA): the inherent ability of soil for bioremediation; (2) bioaugmentation (BA): inoculating soil with PAH degrading microbes Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus; (3) biostimulation (BS): using N, P and K nutrients for the stimulation of bioremediating soil bacteria to achieve the C:N:P ratio of 100:10:1, and(4) bioaugmentation + biostimulation (BS + BA). Treatments NA (22.8%) and BA + BS (63.9%) resulted in the least and the highest rate of PAH removal from the soil. The 2-4 ring compounds had a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher rate of degradation than the 5-6 ring compounds. The highest rates were resulted by fluorene (76.41%) and acenaphthylene (72.28%) using the BA + BS treatment. However, the lowest degradation rates were resulted by indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene (10.05%), benzo [b] fluoranthene (10.17%), benzo (g, h, i) perylene (12.53%), and benzo [k] fluoranthene (13.67%), using NA treatment. The BA + BS treatments are the most effective method for the bioremediation of PAH polluted soils. Keywords: oil pollutant, contamination, soil microorganism, bacterial population Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 337-342 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/582/2020-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/582/2020-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:582-2020-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aneta Bokšová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Kazda Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martina Stejskalová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Šubrt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Leoš Uttl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Mráz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Bartoška Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Findings of herbicide and fungicide residues in bee bread Abstract: The honey bee is one of the insects that is significantly endangered by the application of pesticides in the cultivation of crops. Not only is acute toxicity dangerous, but the importance of chronic poisoning by low doses of pesticides in hives is growing. The behavior of bees can be affected not only by insecticide residues but also by herbicide and fungicide residues. In 2016-2018, samples of bee bread were analysed for pesticide content at 25 different localities from intensive agricultural production areas of the Czech Republic. Substances were extracted by QuEChERS and determined by liquid chromatography, together with mass spectrometric detection. We detected up to 18 pesticides in one sample. In total, during 2016-2018, we identified 53 active substances. Fifteen substances (31%) were herbicidal, 23 substances (47%) of fungicidal nature and 6 substances (12%) of insecticidal nature. The coefficient of variation showed large differences in the frequency of revealed pesticides between years. For substances sprayed outside period attractive for pollinators (mainly herbicides and some fungicides), the usual methodology cannot reliably determine the degree of contamination, and thus the actual contamination with these substances may be even higher than demonstrated in this study. Keywords: pollen, chemical analyses, plant protection, Apis mellifera L., chronic toxicity Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 343-352 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/135/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/135/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:135-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Šuk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Kateřina Hamouzová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jana Hajšlová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Jursík Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Dynamics of herbicides degradation in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots and leaves Abstract: This research had two main aims. First, to analyse the degradation dynamics of herbicides commonly used in carrot (aclonifen, clomazone, flufenacet, linuron, metribuzin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor). Second, to compare the amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level and with requirements of non-residual production. The field experiments were conducted in 2012-2016. All tested herbicides resulted in relatively low concentrations of residues in carrot roots (up to 10 µg/kg) when the recommended withdrawal period was followed between application and harvest. The concentration of S-metolachlor in carrot roots exceeded the maximal residual limit (MRL) if the application was carried out four days before harvest. The measured values of other tested herbicide residues in carrot roots did not exceed the MRL in any of the tested samples. Pre-emergent use of clomazone, linuron and flufenacet could be recommended for non-residue carrot production. Post-emergent use of metribuzin can be used for non-residue carrot production if the interval between application and harvest is at least 80 days. Concentrations of herbicide residues in carrot leaves were many times higher than in roots. All tested herbicides can be applied for safe carrot production if applicators adhere to the requirements for use. Keywords: vegetable, pesticide, contamination, non-residue production, weed control Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 353-359 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/46/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/46/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:46-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdalena Borowska Author-Name: Janusz Prusiński Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland Title: Effect of soybean cultivars sowing dates on seed yield and its correlation with yield parameters Abstract: The article presents the effect of three sowing dates on the growth, development and yielding of four soybean cultivars of different earliness and under different temperature and precipitation conditions across the years. The seed yield from early sowing significantly correlated with the total precipitation in June and July, and at later dates, also with the total precipitation in August. The significantly highest soybean yields were collected from the sowing at a turn of April and May, and the highest seed and protein yield, as well as protein content in seed, were recorded for the mid-early Merlin cultivar. Neither the number and the seed weight per pod nor the 1 000-seed weight significantly depended on the sowing date. Over years, a significant, almost linear decrease in the plant height and the first pod setting height, the weight of nodules, the protein yield and the LAI (leaf area index) value was observed. High significant correlations were found between the seed yield and the plant height and the first pod setting height, as well as between the seed number and the seed weight per pod and the 1 000-seed weight as well as between the plant height and the first pod setting height. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., sowing time effect, weather conditions, plant morphology and productivity Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 360-366 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/73/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/73/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202106-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:6:id:73-2021-PSE