Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yahya Faqir Author-Workplace-Name: Engineering Research Center for Biomass Resource Utilisation and Modification of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, P.R. China Yahya Faqir and Jiahua Ma contributed equally to this work. Author-Name: Jiahua Ma Author-Name: Yunlong Chai Author-Workplace-Name: Engineering Research Center for Biomass Resource Utilisation and Modification of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, P.R. China Yahya Faqir and Jiahua Ma contributed equally to this work. Title: Chitosan in modern agriculture production Abstract: In the perspective of return to nature, using scientific and technical progress for improved living standards, people began to search for solutions to alleviate environmental pollution. Researchers intend to make clean, affordable products that are gentle yet effective. Chitosan derived from the exoskeleton of crustaceans, cuticles of insects, cell walls of fungi, and some algae are renowned for many decades to exhibit biotic properties, especially anti-microbial characteristics. Here we review each ingredient for sourcing organic chitosan, with clean raw materials that can make pure, rich, and powerful products working naturally. Our study elaborates advances and utilisation of chitosan for industrial control-release fertilisers by physical, chemical, and multifaceted formulations such as water-retaining super absorbent, polyacrylic acid, and resins. Plant growth-promoting properties of chitosan as a growth regulator, pest/disease resistance, signalling regulation, effect on nuclear deformation, and apoptosis. Chitosan can improve the plant defence mechanism by stimulating photochemistry and enzymes related to photosynthesis. Furthermore, electrophysiological modification induced by chitosan can practically enable it to be utilised as a herbicide. Chitosan has an excellent role in improving soil fertility and plant growth as well as plant growth promoters. It is concluded, chitosan can play a key role in modern agriculture production and could be a valuable source promoting agricultural ecosystem sustainability. Future suggestions will be based on current achievements and also notable gaps. In addition, chitosan has a huge contribution to reducing fertilisers pollution, managing agricultural pests and pathogens in modern-day agriculture. Keywords: chitosan, fertiliser, pesticide, growth regulator, photochemistry Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 679-699 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/332/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/332/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:332-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Affendy Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia Author-Name: Dorte Bodin Dresbøll Author-Workplace-Name: Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark Author-Name: Kristian Thorup-Kristensen Author-Workplace-Name: Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark Title: Naturally coloured roots as a tool for studying root interactions in mixed cropping Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the usage of species with coloured roots to study root growth patterns during intercropping. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Detroit), having clear red roots, was used in a semi-field and field experiment to allow identification and quantification of roots of the individual species in the mixture. In the field experiment, red beet was strip intercropped with lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Creno) and kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. Sabellica), respectively while the red beet-lucerne intercropping was conducted in large rhizoboxes where root growth distribution and 15N isotope uptake was determined. The study confirmed that the direct visual measurement of root growth using species with coloured roots and indirect tracer uptake measurements contributed to the success of studying root growth dynamics in intercropping systems. Red beet root intensity was not considerably affected by the strip intercropping when the crops were established at the same time, but when established between existing lucerne strips, a reduction in roots at the border row was shown. Lucerne and kale were both observed to be able to exploit the deep soil layers beneath the red beet border row. Keywords: deep rooting, root competition, 15N tracer, minirhizotron, intraspecific, interspecific Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 700-710 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/154/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/154/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:154-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zoltán Magyar Author-Name: Péter Pepó Author-Workplace-Name: Kerpely Kálmán Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Title: Studying standard and rheological quality parameters of winter wheat by Python visualisation Abstract: This study was carried out to present an innovative solution for interpreting large data sets in agri-statistics with the invocation of programmed visualisation. Moreover, the following polyfactorial long-term experiment embodies a comprehensive study of 18 wheat quality parameters. The effect of increasing dosages of fertiliser (control, N90PK, N150PK) was examined on 3 winter wheat cultivars (KG Kunhalom, GK Csillag, Hybiza) in two consecutive growing seasons (2018-2019). The ecological conditions of 2018 gave a significantly higher yield, meanwhile 2019 significantly augmented gluten spread, alveographic tenacity, alveographic deformation work, valorigraphic stability and quality group and loaf volume. N90PK dosage was enough to realise yield and quality potential as well. Fertilising significantly improved 13 indices, namely yield, crude protein, Zeleny index, wet gluten content, alveographic extensibility, alveographic deformation work, valorigraphic water absorption, quality number and group, dough development time, stability, softening and loaf volume. Considering yield, cv. Hybiza performed better, while cvs. KG Kunhalom and GK Csillag possessed significantly better protein-linked postharvest attributes. One of the most important findings is that waffle chart, joint plot, correlation matrix and complexradar of Python provide a very powerful tool in agri-statistics. Also, the results can potentially improve the knowledge about cultivar-specific agronomy practice, wheat quality and the connections between these parameters. Keywords: hybrid, over-fertilisation, crop year, well-adapted variety, RStudio Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 711-720 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/282/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/282/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:282-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jibo Shi Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Author-Name: Xiaoya Gong Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Author-Name: Muhammad Khashi u Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Author-Name: Qing Tian Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Author-Name: Xingang Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Author-Name: Fengzhi Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Title: Effects of wheat root exudates on bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of watermelon Abstract: In this study, we investigated the effects of wheat root exudates on soil bacterial communities in the watermelon rhizosphere using quantitative PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The qPCR results showed that wheat root exudates significantly increased the abundance of total bacteria, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. Illumina MiSeq sequencing results showed that wheat root exudates significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition. These results indicated that plant root exudates play a role in plant-to-plant signalling, strongly affect the microbial community composition. Keywords: root exudates, plant-microbe interaction, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, soil microbial community Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 721-728 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/419/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/419/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:419-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mingtang Li Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Siqi Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Yuqi Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Hoaithuong Do Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Chunli Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Collegeof Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Title: Effect of coexisting metal ions on bio-precipitation of Cu2+ phosphate by Rahnella sp. LRP3 and its stability in soil Abstract: The phosphate precipitation of heavy metal induced by microorganisms plays an important role in immobilising heavy metal in soil. However, there is little knowledge about the effect of coexisting metal ions on the induction of Cu phosphate mineral and its stability. In this paper, the Cu phosphate precipitations, coexisting with Pb2+ or Ca2+ induced by strain LRP3, were characterised, and the stabilisation of the induced phosphate precipitates was also studied. The coexistence of Cu with Pb or Ca decreased the removal efficiency of Cu2+ by 17.18% and 9.78%, respectively, indicating the competitive adsorption between cations. Strain LRP3 could induce a new phosphate mineral of CuCa10(PO4)7 when coexisting with Ca and also generate the phosphate minerals of Pb(H2PO4)2 and Cu3(PO4)2 when coexisting with Pb. The Cu-Ca coprecipitate could enhance the stability of Cu in dilute acid solution and soil with or without a plant, whiles the Cu-Pb one showed the opposite effect. Also, the Cu-induced phosphate precipitates were relatively stable and not easy to be absorbed by Pakchoi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The results showed that the influence of coexisting metal ions should be considered when phosphate mineralisation technology is used to immobilise heavy metals in the environment. Keywords: microbially induced phosphate coprecipitation, heavy metal immobilisation, Pakchoi, Rahnella sp. LRP3 Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 729-738 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/279/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/279/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:279-2021-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerhard Moitzi Author-Workplace-Name: Experimental Farm Groß-Enzersdorf, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Groß-Enzersdorf, Austria Author-Name: Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agronomy, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria Author-Name: Hans-Peter Kaul Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agronomy, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria Author-Name: Helmut Wagentristl Author-Workplace-Name: Experimental Farm Groß-Enzersdorf, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Groß-Enzersdorf, Austria Title: Crop sequence effects on energy efficiency and land demand in a long-term fertilisation trial Abstract: The effect of crop sequences (CR - continuous winter rye; CropR - three-field crop rotation of winter rye-spring barley-bare fallow) and fertilisation systems (unfertilised control, mineral fertiliser (NPK), farmyard manure (FYM)) on crop yield, energy efficiency indicators and land demand were analysed in a long-term experiment under Pannonian climate conditions. Due to lower fuel consumption in the bare fallow, the total fuel consumption for CropR was 27% lower than in CR. It was for NPK and FYM fertilisation by 29% and 42% higher than in the control. Although the energy output was lower in CropR than CR, the energy use efficiency for grain production increased by 35% and for above-ground biomass production by 20%. Overall crop sequences, the NPK treatment had higher crop yields, energy outputs and net-energy output with a lower energy use efficiency than the unfertilised control. CropR increased the land demand just by 20% in comparison to CR, although one-third of the land was not used for crop production. The land demand could be decreased with fertilisation by 50% (NPK) or 48% (FYM). A bare fallow year in the crop rotation decreased the crop yield, energy input and increased the energy use efficiency and land demand. Keywords: cropping systems, energy analysis, land use efficiency, mineral fertilisation, Pannonian basin Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 739-746 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Year: 2021 DOI: 10.17221/440/2021-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/440/2021-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202112-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:67:y:2021:i:12:id:440-2021-PSE