Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Okram Ricky Devi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India Author-Name: Bibek Laishram Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India Author-Name: Abhijit Debnath Author-Workplace-Name: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhalai, India Author-Name: Gangadhara Doggalli Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India Author-Name: Nayanjyoti Ojha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India Author-Name: Smita Agrawal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Horticulture, Rvskvv Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Author-Name: Kahkashan Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Najat A. Bukhari Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Kalyan Pathak Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India Author-Name: Samiron Dutta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India Title: Mitigation of arsenic toxicity in rice grain through soil-water-plant continuum Abstract: Increased levels of the non-essential hazardous metalloid arsenic (As) in rice grains pose a threat to human health and the sustainability of the rice industry. In several counties, the average As contamination in polished rice has been detected to range from 0.002 to 0.39 mg/kg, which is above the safe limit of 1 mg/kg as recommended by the World Health Organisation. Beyond this limit, the digestive tract, circulatory system, skin, liver, kidney, nervous system and heart can be affected. Humans can develop cancer from consuming or inhaling As. In addition, long-term exposure to drinking water contaminated with arsenic has also been linked to a dose-response relationship with an increased risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Rice has been shown to be an indirect source of arsenic accumulation in human bodies. Under flooded paddy soil, trivalent arsenate (AsIII) occupies 87-94% of the total As, while under non-flooded soil, pentavalent arsenate (AsV) predominates (73-96% of the total As). This review aims to provide a thorough and interdisciplinary understanding of the behaviour of As in the paddy soil and transportation to rice grain and further investigate efficient ways to limit arsenic contamination. Supplementation of soil with specific mineral nutrients such as iron (Fe), sulphur (S) and silicon (Si) can significantly decrease the arsenic accumulation in rice grain by minimising its uptake and translocation. The hydrogen bonding potentials of uronic acids, proteins and amino sugars on the extracellular surface of soil microorganisms facilitate the detoxification of arsenic species. Further, rice is absorbed less when exposed to aerobic water management practices than anaerobic ones since it reduces the build-up of As in rice, and the solution is immobilised as in the soil. Keywords: sustainable, paddy field, pollution, carcinogen Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 395-406 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/470/2023-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/470/2023-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:470-2023-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Neaman Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile Author-Name: Jorge-Tomás Schoffer Author-Workplace-Name: Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Author-Name: Claudia Navarro-Villarroel Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto de Estadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Author-Name: Céline Pelosi Author-Workplace-Name: INRAE, Avignon Université, UMR EMMAH, Avignon, France Author-Name: Patricia Peñaloza Author-Workplace-Name: Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile Author-Name: Elvira Dovletyarova Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation Author-Name: Jerusa Schneider Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil Title: Copper contamination in agricultural soils: A review of the effects of climate, soil properties, and prolonged copper pesticide application in vineyards and orchards Abstract: Copper contamination stemming from copper-based pesticides poses a grave concern in vineyards and orchards, causing toxicity to soil organisms. Here, we present a comprehensive review of global data encompassing copper levels in these soils, coupled with variables such as the age of agricultural establishments, climate, soil organic matter content, soil pH, and farming practices (organic vs. conventional). The results suggest that there are three pivotal determinants driving copper content in vineyard and orchard soils: climate, the age of agricultural establishments, and soil organic matter content. It was impossible to estimate soil pH's effect on soil copper content because of its dependence on precipitation. Copper content in vineyard and orchard soils worldwide follows a direct correlation with precipitation while inversely correlating with aridity (i.e. potential evapotranspiration divided by precipitation). Furthermore, a clear linkage emerges between farm age and increased copper content in soils globally. Intriguingly, the increased soil organic matter content has shown inverse impacts on soil copper levels. These effects of soil properties on soil copper contents were discussed in terms of copper losses from soil via surface runoff. However, no discernible disparities in soil copper content between organic and conventional farming systems were found. This worldwide survey not only underscores the established influence of climate on European vineyards but also sheds novel light on the historical legacy of copper contamination in these landscapes. Keywords: toxic effect, organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, soil organic carbon, soil remediation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 407-417 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/501/2023-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/501/2023-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:501-2023-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jianxin Cao Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiang Yao Author-Workplace-Name: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, P.R. China Author-Name: Xuekai Wei Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Ruochen Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Jing Liu Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China Author-Name: Chunjie Li Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China Title: The influence of timing and planting proportion on the intraspecific competitiveness ability of drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng) by fungal endophyte infection Abstract: Drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng) is a toxic perennial bunchgrass native to Northwestern China. Epichloë endophytic fungi infection could enhance the stress tolerance of drunken horse grass. However, there is a scarcity of literature regarding the effects of intraspecific competition. As a result, we anticipated that the intraspecific competitive dynamics between endophyte-infected (EI) and endophyte-free (EF) plants would become more transparent for four years by planted as the proportions of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2. The results showed the EI plants exhibited more biomass, seed yields, and survival rates than EF plants. Endophyte infection also facilitated a competitive advantage by enhancing photosynthesis and soil nutrition. Our findings constituted the inaugural investigation into the influence of the intraspecific competitive ability of grass infected with Epichloë endophyte fungi. EI plants caused them to become stronger and stronger, while EF became weaker and weaker by timing and planting proportion increasing, and EF drunken horse grass could be replaced by EI. These conclusions were instrumental in elucidating why the endophytic fungal infection rate of drunken horse grass is 100% observed in natural wilderness. Epichloë endophyte could reduce plant diversity and enhance the dominance of EI plants in intraspecific competition; drunken horse grass may be threatening the persistence of native plant species. Keywords: endure, environmental stresses, asymmetric competition, grass-fungal symbioses, endophytic fungi Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 418-429 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/9/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/9/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:9-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roland Gerhards Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: Marcus Saile Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: Michael Spaeth Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Title: Camera-guided inter-row hoeing in winter oilseed rape with different inter-inter-row spacing Abstract: New cropping practices such as single-grain seeding, lower seed densities with stronger cultivars, wide inter-row spacings and camera-guided side-shift control for weed hoeing facilitate mechanical weed control in oilseed rape. In a two-year field study in Southwestern Germany, camera-guided inter-row hoeing was compared to standard herbicide treatments and untreated control. Seeding with 12.5, 25 and 50 cm inter-row spacing was included as a second factor in the experiment. Weed and crop density were measured directly after treatment. Weed and crop biomass, oilseed rape root diameter and nitrogen uptake were assessed before winter. Seed yield was measured at harvest with a plot combine harvester. In 2021, hoeing in 50 cm inter-row spacing achieved equal weed control efficacy as the herbicide treatment (65-75%). In 2022, hoeing did not reduce weed density, probably due to heavy rainfalls during the first and second pass of hoeing. However, herbicide treatments controlled 92% of the weeds. In 2021, hoeing significantly increased oilseed rape shoot biomass and root diameter compared to the herbicide treatment and the untreated control. Hoeing in 50 cm inter-row spacing resulted in equal yield as the herbicide treatment. In 2022, weed control treatments and inter-row spacing had no effect on oilseed rape biomass, root diameter and yield. This study shows the potential and limitations of weed hoeing in oilseed rape. It also underlines the strong ability of modern oilseed rape cultivars to suppress annual broadleaved weeds. Keywords: crop protection, precision farming, robotic weeding, camera guidance, integrated weed management Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 430-437 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/485/2023-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/485/2023-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:485-2023-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lin An Author-Workplace-Name: Key Lab of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, Key Lab of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Hailong Wei Author-Workplace-Name: Key Lab of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, Key Lab of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Yi Cheng Author-Workplace-Name: Key Lab of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, Key Lab of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Jun Zou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Jin Zuo Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Environment and Climatology of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Dailing Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Lab of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, Key Lab of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Bi Song Author-Workplace-Name: Key Lab of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, Key Lab of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China Title: Adjusting the sowing date of fresh maize to promote grain filling, key starch synthesis enzymes, and yield Abstract: Clarifying the effects of meteorological factors on the growth and development of fresh maize after delayed sowing is important for selecting appropriate sowing dates and improving yield. Six sowing dates (B1 (March 10); B2 (March 20); B3 (March 30); B4 (April 9); B5 (April 19), and B6 (April 29)) and three fresh maize cultivars (A1 (Wan Nuo 2000); A2 (Nongke Nuo 336), and A3 (Caitian Nuo 6)) were chosen for experiments conducted between 2021 and 2022 in Guiyang, Qingzhen City, China. The results showed that the whole growth period and sowing-silking period were significantly reduced with delayed sowing, while the grain-filling period was relatively stable. Delayed sowing was beneficial in increasing the number of endosperm cells and the weight of the hundred kernels. The graining filling rate and the activities of four key starch synthesis enzymes (sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme, and starch debranching enzyme) were significantly influenced by light, temperature, and precipitation, and they mainly affected the hundred kernel weight. The yield tended to increase with delayed sowing, and the correlation analysis between precipitation and yield at different sowing periods showed a significant effect of precipitation on yield. Delaying the sowing to mid-early April was more favourable for grain filling, enhanced key enzyme activity, and increased the kernel weight and yield. These results highlight the importance of choosing excellent cultivars and matching them with the most suitable sowing date to fully exploit climatic resources and achieve high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of fresh maize. Keywords: sweet-waxy maize, climate change, Zea mays L., grain filling characteristics, enzymatic activity Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 438-453 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/490/2023-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/490/2023-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:490-2023-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qidi Zhu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Yanyan Li Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Niuniu Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Yilin Wu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Xingqi Ou Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P.R. China Title: Poly-glutamic acid mitigates the negative effects of salt stress on wheat seedlings by regulating the photosynthetic performance, water physiology, antioxidant metabolism and ion homeostasis Abstract: o uncover the regulatory metabolism of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) in protecting wheat crops against salt stress (SS) at the physiological level, we utilised hydroponic experiments to explore the roles of PGA in regulating the photosynthetic performance, water physiology, antioxidant metabolism and ion homeostasis of wheat seedlings exposed to SS for 10 days. The findings demonstrated that SS inhibited the photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all improved the photosynthetic performance, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS decreased nonphotochemical quenching (qN) by 26.3% and respectively increased photosynthetic rate (Pn), soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (Y(II)) by 54.0, 27.8, 34.6, 42.4 and 25.8%. For water metabolism, SS destroyed the water balance of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA enhanced water balance, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS decreased leaf water saturation deficit (LWSD) by 35.5% and respectively increased leaf relative water content (LRWC), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs) and the contents of soluble sugars (SSS) and proline (Pro) by 15.9, 94.7, 37.5, 44.6 and 62.3%. For antioxidant metabolism, SS induced the peroxide damage to wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all mitigated the SS-induced peroxide damage, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS respectively decreased superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and electrolyte leakage (EL) by 39.1, 29.6, 46.2 and 36.3%, and respectively increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductases (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities, and antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents by 69.2, 49.2, 77.8, 80.6, 109.5, 121.7, 104.5, 63.8 and 39.6%. Besides, SS destroyed the ion homeostasis of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all maintained ion homeostasis, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS reduced Na+ content by 40.7% and respectively increased K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents by 64.4, 82.6 and 105.6%, thereby respectively increasing K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ ratios by 177.6, 209.4 and 244.8%. In the above ways, SS inhibited wheat height and biomass. In contrast, different doses of PGA all improved wheat height and biomass under SS, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS, respectively, increased wheat height and biomass by 27.4% and 41.7%. In the above ways, PGA mitigated salt toxicity in wheat seedlings. The current findings implied that there was a potential for the use of PGA in real situations to improve wheat salt tolerance, especially for the 0.3% dose. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., salinity, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant defence system, ionic imbalance Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 454-467 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/114/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/114/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:114-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Krystyna Zarzecka Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Siedlce, Siedlce, Poland Author-Name: Marek Gugała Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Siedlce, Siedlce, Poland Title: Biostimulants and herbicides shape the structure of potato tuber yield Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of three biostimulants and a herbicide on selected unit parameters of potato yield. The research results came from a three-year field experiment that was established using the randomised sub-blocks method in three replications. In the experiment, two cultivars of edible potato were grown and the yield-protective effect of treatments was assessed: (1) control object without protection with preparations; (2) herbicide clomazone + metribuzin; (3) biostimulant PlonoStart and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin; (4) biostimulant Aminoplant and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin, and (5) biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin. As a result of the limited competition of weeds in the objects with the use of biostimulant and herbicide, a higher average weight of one potato tuber, a higher share of commercial tubers > 35 mm and a higher share of large tubers > 50 mm was obtained compared to the control object. The highest average weight of one tuber (108.2 and 85.4 g, respectively) and the highest share of commercial (97.1 and 96.3%, respectively) and large tubers (60.6 and 60.5%, respectively) were obtained in the objects where the Agro-Sorb Folium biostimulant + Avatar 293 ZC herbicide were used. and PlonoStart + Avatar 293 ZC. The correlation analysis confirmed a significant negative relationship between the number of weeds and average weight of one potato tuber, share of commercial tubers and share of large tubers. Weather conditions during the conduct of the research also significantly differentiated weed numbers and quality parameters of potato yield. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L., growth regulators, structure of yield, weed infestation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 468-473 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/103/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/103/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202407-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:7:id:103-2024-PSE