Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shufang Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Yunnan University Green Smart Farmland and Carbon Emission Engineering Research Center, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Name: Hongchun Bi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Name: Liping Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Name: Jing Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Name: Ying Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Yunnan University Green Smart Farmland and Carbon Emission Engineering Research Center, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Author-Name: Lihong Chen Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China Title: Effects of controlled irrigation on global warming potential based on CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes in plateau paddy field Abstract: A suitable irrigation pattern is of great significance for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, field experiments and a denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) model were used to study the global warming potential based on CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes under flooding irrigation and controlled irrigation in paddy fields in the Erhai Lake basin. The results showed that the average value of CH4 flux under controlled irrigation was lower than that under flooding irrigation, with a reduction range of 43.21% to 48.88%, however, the average value of the N2O and CO2 fluxes from paddy field under controlled irrigation were higher than those under flooding irrigation. Controlled irrigation patterns can significantly reduce the global warming potential in paddy fields based on CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes. Controlled irrigation can effectively reduce the global warming potential per unit yield. For water management in the Erhai Lake basin, it is recommended the controlled irrigation treatment of soil moisture with an upper limit of 100% and a lower limit of 75-85% with irrigation, and a maximum surface water depth of 150-200 mm lasting for five days after precipitation from the jointing-booting stage to the milk stage. Keywords: carbon, Oryza sativa L., climate change, high-altitude area, rainfall Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 535-542 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/453/2023-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/453/2023-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:453-2023-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: František Hnilička Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Helena Hniličková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Rýgl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of four sorghum genotypes under drought stress and rehydratation Abstract: Water deficit (drought) is an important environmental factor affecting physiological processes in plants. The present work focuses on the study of changes in physiological responses of juvenile plants (plants in the vegetative phase of growth BBCH 14-16) of selected sorghum genotypes Dokok, 30485, Barnard Red and Ruzrok to water deficit and after rehydration. Water deficit affected the observed physiological parameters - gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Genotypic differences were also confirmed, with Dokok appearing to be the more sensitive genotype and Ruzrok and Barnard Red appearing to be tolerant. Following rehydration, these parameters increased but did not reach the levels of the control plants. A significant decrease in photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration (E) and fluorescence compared to the control was found in the water-deficient variant twice for 10 days and 6 days between rehydration periods. Only in the variant where water deficit (14 days) was followed by irrigation (10 days) transpiration increased in genotype 30485. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) also decreased significantly in this cultivar. The results suggest that a rehydration period of 14 days is insufficient to restore the photosynthetic functions of stressed sorghum plants. Keywords: photosynthesis, transpiration, genotype, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, water deficit Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 543-551 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/292/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/292/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:292-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Novák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Veronika Zemanová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jindřich Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Daniela Pavlíková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Roots of Lupinus angustifolius L. and enzyme activities in soil contaminated by toxic elements Abstract: The impact of toxic elements (TEs) contaminating the root zone of Lupinus angustifolius L. on enzymatic activities, nitrification rate, and changes in the root system was evaluated. Lupine was cultivated in a pot experiment using two types of soil - control and contamination (with a high degree of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contamination). After harvesting lupine biomass, enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, arylsulphatase, lipase, chitinase, cellobiohydrolase, alanine aminopeptidase, and leucine aminopeptidase) in soils were analysed. Enzyme activities decreased with TE soil contamination. According to our results, arylsulphatase was found to be the most sensitive soil enzyme to TEs. The nitrification rate is closely related to soil contamination and plant activity, as it stimulates microbial growth and multiplication through root exudates. The close correlations confirmed this relationship (r = 0.73-0.99). An increasing trend in TE contents in the roots was observed with soil contamination. Plant hormones are crucial in regulating root growth and development under stress conditions. The levels of determined phytohormones in our experiment (auxins, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and bioactive cytokinins (bCKs)) were lower in the contamination compared to the control. Correlations confirmed a significant negative relationship between the TE content in the roots and the contents of phytohormones (auxins: r = -0.96 to -0.97; ABA: r = -0.83 to -0.86; SA: r = -0.95 to -0.99, bCKs: r = -0.87 to -0.93). The ratios of these hormones (not their absolute values) appear to be the determining factor for regulating root development and protecting plants from oxidative stress. Keywords: narrow-leaved lupine, nitrification, arylsulphatase, soil multi-contamination Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 552-561 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/194/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/194/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:194-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuchi Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Qiuyu Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Shuaiqi Feng Author-Workplace-Name: Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Yang Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Weiwei Dong Author-Workplace-Name: Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Wenxiu Ji Author-Workplace-Name: Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China Title: Effects of cultivation duration of the crop and growth stages on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial communities of ginseng under forest Abstract: In this study, Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS2 rRNA genes were used to determine the dynamic changes in bacterial and fungal communities and soil properties and enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of ginseng under forest after 5, 10 and 15 years of cultivation and different growth stages. Results showed that the changes were particularly prominent in 10-year-old ginseng under forest, and the trends of organic carbon, alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen, and available potassium were extremely similar in different duration of the crop, especially in the middle stage of rapid root growth, when soil nutrient consumption was severe, and soil enzyme activities of rhizosphere were significantly reduced. The observed changes in soil properties and enzyme activities caused by the cultivation duration of the crop and growth stage could be explained by the variations in the microbiome. The microbial composition of 10-year-old ginseng under forest has undergone significant changes, at the genus level, both Acinetobacter bacteria and Kazachstania fungi exhibited a higher abundance; the abundance of Bacillota (Firmicutes), and Candidatus udaeobacter with significantly lower abundance. This study initially revealed the changes in nutrient utilisation of ginseng under forest at different cultivation duration of the crop and different growth stages, as well as the regulatory role played by microbes in this process preliminarily. We consider 10 years to be a critical stage for the long-term cultivation of ginseng in the forest, during which it is more sensitive to environmental factors and may exhibit special dynamic changes affecting its growth and quality. This provides a reference for further precision planting and harvesting of ginseng under the forest. Keywords: Panax, nutrient cycling, microbial diversity, micro-ecology, microbiota Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 562-579 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/250/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/250/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:250-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhengjun Guan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: Wei Wei Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Yanlin Huo Author-Workplace-Name: Science Experiment Center, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: C. Neal Stewart Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Author-Name: Zhixi Tang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Title: Dynamics of Cry1Ac protein and soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere of transgenic Bt oilseed rape Abstract: In this study, three insect-resistant transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) oilseed rape events (GT1, GT5 and GT9) under field conditions were utilised to analyse the dynamics of Cry1Ac protein and the changes in soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic Bt plants during different growth stages over two successive cultivation years. The results indicated that compared to the non-transgenic control plant cv. Westar, the amount of Cry1Ac protein in the rhizosphere soil of the three transgenic oilseed rape events was significantly higher during the flowering and podding stages in the first cultivation year. Additionally, in the second cultivation year, transgenic GT1 and GT9 had significantly higher amounts of Cry1Ac protein in the rhizosphere soil during the flowering stage, and all three transgenic oilseed rape events had significantly higher amounts of Cry1Ac protein in the rhizosphere soil during the podding stage. Over the two successive cultivation years, the sucrase activity in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic events showed significant changes during bolting, flowering and podding stages, while all three transgenic events exhibited significant changes in phosphatase activity during the four different stages. Furthermore, different transgenic events showed varying significant changes in urease and protease activities during the bolting, flowering and podding stages of the first year, and all three transgenic events had significant changes in dehydrogenase activities during the four different stages of the second cultivation year. PCA and correlation analysis clearly demonstrated a strong correlation between the Cry1Ac protein and five soil enzyme activities, as well as a close interconnectedness among those five soil enzyme activities. These findings suggest that the amount of insecticidal crystal proteins in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic Bt (Cry1Ac) oilseed rape varies with different growth periods, and the enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic Bt oilseed rape plants undergo significant changes over two successive planting years. Keywords: Brassica napus L., transgenic plant, ecological risk assessment, soil ecosystem, toxin accumulation Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 580-589 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/330/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/330/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:330-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuanzhi Fu Author-Workplace-Name: Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China Title: γ-aminobutyric acid enhances the antioxidant defense system and photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings under cadmium stress Abstract: In this paper, I elucidated the influence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on wheat cadmium (Cd) tolerance. Research results manifested that Cd stress increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents. However, Cd stress decreased AsA/ dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratios, and inhibited photosynthetic performance and plant growth. Compared to Cd alone, GABA plus Cd improved wheat Cd tolerance by increasing the activities of above antioxidant enzymes, AsA and GSH contents, and AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios. Meanwhile, compared with Cd alone, GABA plus Cd also enhanced the photosynthetic performance by improving chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) contents and Car/Chl ratio, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and Chl fluorescence parameters maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, which further promoted plant height and biomass. Compared to control, GABA alone also improved above indicators. Current results suggested that GABA can be applied as an anti-cadmium agent in wheat production practice. Keywords: antioxidant compound, cadmium toxicity, plant growth regulator, Triticum aestivum L., stress tolerance Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 590-599 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/199/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/199/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202409-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:70:y:2024:i:9:id:199-2024-PSE