Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jingfang Li Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China Author-Name: Liang Chen Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China Author-Name: Song Jin Author-Workplace-Name: Advanced Environmental Technologies LLC, Fort Collins, USA Author-Name: Linxian Huang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, P.R. China Author-Name: Huihua Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Jinhua Huachuang Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd, Jinhua, Zhejiang, P.R. China Title: Influences of plants and soil microbes on antibiotics in the rhizosphere: a review Abstract: The rhizosphere plays an important role in both farmland and urban areas, affecting water quantity and quality during surface water infiltration by increasing the heterogeneity of the aeration zone. The extensive application of antibiotics, their recalcitrance to degradation, and the resultant accumulation of antibiotics in soil-microbe-plant systems represent significant threats to the rhizosphere system, thereby threatening ecological stability and environmental and human health. This review synthesises recent findings on the migration and transformation of typical and common antibiotics within the rhizosphere. The main findings include that the absorption of antibiotics by plants is influenced by their molecular weight (MW) and octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), allowing antibiotics to be divided into three classes: (1) antibiotics with high lipophilicity (log Kow > 2) are mostly adsorbed by root lipids and rarely participate in the soil-plant transport process; (2) antibiotics with log Kow < 2 and high MWs (MW > 700) are blocked outside the plant roots; and (3) antibiotics with log Kow < 2 and low MWs (MW < 700) can enter plants through the roots and are transported via transpiration flow in plants. Antibiotics with log Kow < 1 are more easily transported into plant tissues, including leaves. The rhizospheric microorganisms capable of participating in antibiotic migration and transformation are concentrated in Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The inhibitory effect of antibiotics on dehydrogenase, sucrase, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activities surpasses their promoting effect, reducing these enzyme activities by 6-35% on average. However, the promoting effect of antibiotics on peroxidase, acidic phosphatase, and manganese peroxidase outweighs the inhibitory effect, increasing enzyme activity by 2-23%. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the effects of plant age and root characteristics on antibiotic migration and transformation. The results of this review contribute to a better understanding of the migration and transformation of antibiotics within the rhizosphere. Keywords: woody plants, herbaceous plants, emerging pollutants, environmental contamination, soil and water pollution, root exudates Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 67-92 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/350/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/350/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:350-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waldemar Zielewicz Author-Workplace-Name: Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Poznań, Poland Author-Name: Barbara Wróbel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Technology and Life Sciences-National Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland Title: Effect of gypsum and potassium fertilisation on the nutritive value of legume-grass mixture Abstract: The four-year field trial was conducted at the Rolnicze Gospodarstwo Doświadczalne Brody (Brody Experimental Farm), Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland. This study aimed to assess how different doses of gypsum and potassium (K) fertilisers influenced the nutritive value of the alfalfa-grass mixture. The following two experimental factors were duplicated: gypsum fertilisation - two levels (0 and 500 kg/ha) and K fertilisation - four levels (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg/ha). The sward was harvested three times at the full budding phase of alfalfa. The content of nutritive components: crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), crude ash (CA) and water-soluble sugars (WSC) by NIRS technique was assessed. The combined application of gypsum and K significantly increased the yields obtained only in the 1st and 3rd harvests of the sward. In the case of CP and WSC, the application of gypsum and K showed no significant effect on the content of these components in the sward. At the same time, it significantly influenced the higher content of CF and CA only in the case of the 2nd harvest. Analysing the influence of only the effect of K on the results obtained, a response of increasing CF content in the sward under the influence of increasing doses of this nutrient was noted. The average potassium content of the sward increased from a K0 fertilisation level to an application rate of K60. In the case of CA content, there was a successive increase with the application of successive fertilisation rates from K0 to a rate of K120. Based on the average yield results, a similar response was observed for the increase in yields obtained with increasing potassium fertilisation rates from K0 to K120. CP content increased due to gypsum fertilisation, as did the achieved sward yields of the alfalfa-grass mixture. The biomass of the alfalfa-grass mixture without gypsum fertilisation contained more WSC than the fertilised one. Keywords: plant nutrition, multi-year application, alfalfa-grass sward, forage, water-soluble carbohydrate Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 93-108 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/274/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/274/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:274-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Čeh Author-Workplace-Name: Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia Author-Name: Julija Polanšek Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia Author-Name: Žan Trošt Author-Workplace-Name: Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia Author-Name: Ana Karničnik Klančnik Author-Workplace-Name: Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia Title: On-site composting of waste hop biomass: the impact of covering piles on leachate quantity and compost quality Abstract: Covering hop waste composting piles with semipermeable membrane after the thermophilic phase until spring, when the compost was ready to use, reduced the volume of leachate and leached nutrients amounts significantly; there was a negligible amount of leachate and low amount of leached nutrients during winter and spring at all treatments. At treatments with additives (biochar, preparation effective microorganisms) and larger percent of particles of 2-5 cm, it was indicated that composting pile should probably also be covered in the first months of composting and be opened only when turning/mixing it; on the other hand, the amount of leachate was much lower in a pile without additives and particles of 2-10 cm by the time of covering (2.2- and 2.5-fold less respectively) and the amount of leached nutrients as well. All treatments produced compost without a bad smell, had a total nitrogen content greater than 2%, could be considered as mature (the C:N ratio was below 20) and stable, and the biomass hygienisation threshold was reached. However, there were some significant differences among them. The compost of the pile with added biochar and starting hop waste biomass particles of 2-5 cm was considered phytotoxic (germination index of radish was 31%); also, its other results were less promising in comparison to other treatments. The pile with no additive and the starting particles of waste hop biomass 2 to 10 cm, mixed properly related to regular temperature measurements in the thermophilic phase, reached the best results; the leachate amount and leaked nutrients amount were significantly the lowest, while the final compost contained significantly higher amount of nutrients and had the highest germination index. Keywords: Humulus lupulus L., on-farm composting, environment protection, leachate, circular economy on farms, organic matter, waste management, recycling, soil fertility, germination test, respiratory test, bacteria and fungi Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 109-122 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/197/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/197/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:197-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lin Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Simeng Li Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Xuemei He Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Luojiang District, Luojiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Hanyu Liu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Yiran Cheng Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Yi Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Houyang Kang Author-Workplace-Name: Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Author-Name: Jian Zeng Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, P.R. China Title: Identification of salt-tolerant cultivars and plant traits in wheat during germination and seedling emergence stages Abstract: In this study, we assessed the salt tolerance of 38 wheat cultivars from primary wheat cultivation regions in China using a membership function value (MFV) during the germination and seedling emergence stages. Based on salt tolerance assessment, three contrasting groups were classified, with 10 tolerant, 23 moderately tolerant and 5 sensitive cultivars under low salt stress, and 4 tolerant, 25 moderately tolerant and 9 sensitive cultivars under high salt stress and in addition to Na+ and K+ homeostasis regulation, nitrogen efficient transfer from seed to plant tissues denoted the significant positive correlation with salt tolerance, confirming the importance of nutrient spectra organisation. Salt-tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars had lower trait network modularity than salt-sensitive cultivars, demonstrating that wheat with different salt tolerance uses alternative strategies to cope with salt stress. These results were important for germplasm evaluation and variety breeding of salt tolerance in wheat. Keywords: salinity, Triticum aestivum L., germination capacity, seedling growth, network analysis Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 123-135 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/449/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/449/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:449-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Limin Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Qiumei Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Henan Fengyuan Seed Company Limited, Xinxiang, P.R. China Author-Name: Ninghai Lu Author-Workplace-Name: Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China Title: Spermidine mitigates wheat copper toxicity by modulating ascorbate and glutathione metabolism, copper accumulation and photosynthetic performance Abstract: The influence of spermidine (Spd) on wheat ascorbate and glutathione metabolism, copper (Cu) accumulation and photosynthetic performance under Cu stress was studied. The findings displayed that Cu stress boosted reduced ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents by improving ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) activities. Nevertheless, Cu stress promoted malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and electrolyte leakage (EL) level, and lowered AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG). Meanwhile, Cu stress promoted Cu accumulation in plant tissues. It declined net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll fluorescence parameter maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) contents, and wheat height and biomass. In this way, Cu stresses limited wheat growth. Compared with Cu stress, Spd plus Cu stress enhanced APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR, GalLDH and γ-ECS activities to 4.75, 5.14, 3.77, 2.96, 3.24 and 2.83 U/g FW (fresh weight), respectively. This way, Spd further increased AsA and GSH contents to 4.62 and 0.78 µmol/g FW under Cu stress. Meanwhile, Spd increased AsA/DHA to 14.60 and GSH/GSSG to 15.97 and declined MDA content to 11.68 nmol/g FW and EL to 17.00% under Cu stress. Besides, Spd declined Cu content in leaves to 68.8 µg/g DW and roots to 152.9 µg/g DW and respectively increased Pn, Fv/Fm and Chl and Car contents to 15.22 µmol/m2/s, 0.74, 1.55 mg/g FW and 0.38 mg/g FW. In this way, Spd promoted wheat growth under Cu stress. Meanwhile, we found that Spd alone also improved the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism, photosynthetic performance, and wheat growth compared to the control. These results illustrated that Spd mitigated wheat Cu toxicity by reducing Cu accumulation and improving ascorbate and glutathione metabolism and photosynthetic performance. Hence, using Spd will be a good strategy to improve the Cu tolerance of wheat crops in the future. Keywords: environmental pollutant, micronutrient, antioxidant metabolism, non-enzymatic antioxidants,  Triticum aestivum L Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 136-147 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/309/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/309/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:309-2024-PSE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhan Yuan Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Commodity Grain Bases of Jilin Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Chang Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Yao Liang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Jingchao Yuan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Jianzhao Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Hongguang Cai Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun, P.R. China Author-Name: Jinjing Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Commodity Grain Bases of Jilin Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China Title: Influence of straw, compost, and biochar on soil carbon and aggregates in Chernozem Abstract: Crop residue management is a major concern in agricultural ecosystems. These residues can be recycled into biochar and compost to efficiently promote soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in farmlands. However, the influences of straw and its derived materials on SOC (especially on humus fractions) in soil aggregates of varying sizes are largely unknown. To understand these effects, a nine-year field experiment was conducted on calcareous black soil, including five treatments: CK - no fertiliser; NPK - mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertiliser; NPKS - NPK + straw; NPKC - NPK + compost, and NPKB - NPK + biochar. Compared to CK and NPK, the NPKS and NPKC treatments resulted in a noticeable rise (P < 0.05) in the proportion of aggregates with > 0.25 mm size (R0.25), as well as in the mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter at 0-20 cm depth. The NPKS, NPKC, and NPKB treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the contents of large macroaggregates (> 2 mm), small macroaggregates (2~0.25 mm), microaggregates (0.25~0.053 mm), and non-aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer, as well as the levels of SOC, humic acid carbon (HAC) and humin carbon (HUC). These treatments also significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced organic carbon storage in the topsoil (0~20 cm). The effects were more pronounced after NPKB treatment relative to NPKS. Compared to CK, the application of mineral fertilisers alone and combined with organic materials significantly (P < 0.05) improved crop yields. The study's results indicate that the application of organic materials from corn significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced both soil quality and corn yield, with straw-derived biochar showing better effects on soil carbon sequestration. Keywords: terrestrial ecosystem, soil stability, wet sieving, structural equation model Journal: Plant, Soil and Environment Pages: 148-160 Volume: 71 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.17221/580/2024-PSE File-URL: http://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/580/2024-PSE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/pse-202502-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlpse:v:71:y:2025:i:2:id:580-2024-PSE