Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Blahovec Author-Workplace-Name: Technical Faculty, Czech University of Agriculture, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Židová Author-Workplace-Name: Technical Faculty, Czech University of Agriculture, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Potato bruise spot sensitivity dependence on regimes of cultivation Abstract: Potato tuber bruising was simulated by impact pendulum at temperature 7°C. Two varieties (Agria and Samantana) cultivated under five different regimes were tested one month and/or five months after harvest. The regimes of cultivation differ by fertilising and/or irrigation. The obtained black spots were measured carefully to obtain detailed shape and volume. The obtained results are discussed in relation to tuber anatomy (vascular ring), regime of cultivation and mean tuber density. It is shown that contrary to bruising in fruits the black spots had maximum diameter not close to the surface but close the vascular ring. The relation between spot volume and the mean tuber density seems to be variety dependent. Keywords: potato, bruising, black spot, impact, cultivation regime Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 89-95 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4932-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4932-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4932-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Skierucha Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: A. M Wilczek Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: R. T Walczak Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Title: Application of smart sensors in the measurement of soil physical parameters Abstract: The study presents the project and partial implementation of a modern monitoring system for the measurement of soil physical parameters. It is provided with smart sensors equipped with signal conversion electronics, individual identification and communication means decreasing the complexity of the measurement system and also the measurement errors that can appear during analog signal transmission along the cables from the sensors to the measuring unit. The applied wireless communication system operates in the 433MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) licence free frequency band for transmission of commands and data between a remote PC compatible computer (Master unit) and the smart sensors (Slave units) in the distance of several hundred meters. The presented partial implementation of the system measures the temperature at several locations in the soil profile in field conditions and communicates with the host PC computer in wireless way. The developed hardware and software is intended to be adapted to more complex monitoring systems working in compliance with IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standard and covering large areas as an element of air-borne or satellite remote sensing and serve for ground reference measurements. It is shown that the currently available technical means enable to apply smart sensors and wireless communication in the environmental monitoring in the economically justified way. The small increase of the system price by providing the measuring smart sensors, already equipped some element of control or computation, with radio communication assures the decrease of measurement errors and makes the collection of environmental data convenient for the system operator. Keywords: smart sensor, monitoring, modelling, wireless network, agrophysics Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 96-102 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4933-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4933-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4933-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Bieganowski Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: W. Skierucha Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: R.T. Walczak Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Title: Research specificity and standardization of agrophysical methods on the example of investigations in soil physics Abstract: The study presents agrophysics as an interdisciplinary branch of science dealing with the application of physical methods to examine the properties of agricultural materials and products as well as processes in soil-plant-atmosphere and plant-machine-crop systems, sustainable plant and animal production, modern food processing technology, especially concentrating on the quality of substrates and food products. The discussed specificity of agrophysical metrology results mainly from the big diversity as well as special and temporal variability of the studied objects and processes. The complexity of the field covered by agrophysics requires the efforts to be made in standardization of agrophysical measurement methods. Keywords: agrophysics, agrophysical method standardization Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 103-106 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4934-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4934-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4934-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Polák Author-Workplace-Name: Technical Faculty, Czech University of Agriculture, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Ethanol enriched biodiesel as a fuel for compression ignition engines Abstract: In the Czech Republic the increased utilization of the biofuels, especially for diesel engines, has been registered in the last ten years. The rape-seed oil based fuels - called biodiesel, is the most extended. The use of rape-seed oil brings a good ecological and agronomic aspect, e.g. positive energetic and CO2 balance, biological decomposition, etc. A special attention should be paid for the emissions. The paper presents the practical results of the performance with the commercially available biodiesel and their mixtures with different quantity of fermented ethanol. The testing was realized with an unmodified AVIA 712.18 truck engine and an unmodified ZETOR 7701 tractor engine according to thirteen-points homologation test method EHK R49 (ČSN EN ISO 8178-4). Biodiesel NATURDIESEL, according to the Czech Standard ČSN 65 6508, served as a basis for fuel blends and such a comparison fuel. Based on the experiment, it can be said, that the most suitable fuel blend is biodiesel + 2% addition of fermented bioethanol according to following points. This addition significantly reduces the NOx emissions. At the AVIA engine the reduction is about 54% in comparison with non-additived fuel. With the Zetor engine, it is decreased 88% of its primary value. Even in cause of smokiness, the situation is similar favourable. The power output parameters are almost constant. No significant increase of fuel consumption has been observed. However, there is higher share of unburned hydrocarbons in dependence on increased alcohol content. In this case, the lower concentration of alcohol in fuel blend is advantageous, which is in accordance to the biodiesel with 2% addition of alcohol. Higher share of ethanol is not interesting from the point of view of fuel requirement and even from the economic point of view, because the price of these fuel blends increases, due to the co-solvent addition. Keywords: biodiesel, alcohol, fuel blend, emissions Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 107-111 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4935-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4935-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4935-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Macháčková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Heneman Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic Title: The present time of transposition of the European environmental legislation into Czech food industry Abstract: The accession of the Czech Republic in the European Union has brought a necessity to adopt a range of new legal regulations and to apply them in our conditions. Their application however connects with a highly demanding and complex process of implementation of the individual acts of law, administrative and time requirements. One of laws that had to be adopted is the Act No. 76/2002 Coll. on integrated prevention and pollution control, on the integrated pollution register and on amendment to some Acts (hereinafter the IPPC Act). The Act imposes an obligation for all operators of various industrial and processing plants working at certain production or processing capacities have to obtain a so called integrated license without which their activities will not be permitted to continue in the future. At the beginning of the integrated licensing procedure, each subject concerned by the Act is obliged to file an application for the integrated license at a relevant regional authority. There is an analysis of the present time of the IPPC problems in Czech food industry. At the present time, the procedure of licensing and applications for the integrated license are at various stages of the process in individual enterprises. Keywords: IPPC, licensing procedure, pollution, installations Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 112-116 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4936-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4936-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4936-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Włodarczyk Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: J. Gliński Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: U. Kotowska Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Title: N2O emission from mineral soils - Reviews Abstract: Increasing deposition of N-compounds cause environmental problems such as leaching of nitrate or enhanced emission of N2O. Most N2O is formed from dissimilatory reduction of nitrate in oxygen deficient environment, although it can also be produced from chemolitotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification and assimilatory reduction of nitrate in aerobic conditions. N2O production is affected by many physical and biochemical factors, such as: the nature and amount of organic matter available as energy sources to the denitrifiers and heterotrophic nitrifiers, the aeration/moisture status of the soil, the soil nitrate concentration, soil pH, and the soil texture. These factors interact in a complicated manner with microorganisms on a microscale level in the soil, creating the large spatial and temporal variability in denitrification and and influenced on N2O/N ratio. The N2O emission increased linearly with NO3- reduction and curvilinearly with organic matter content, dehydrogenase activity and pH value and decreased curvilinearly with oxygen content. Keywords: assimilatory and dissimilatory reduction of nitrate, nitrification and environmental conditions Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 117-122 Volume: 50 Issue: 3 Year: 2004 DOI: 10.17221/4937-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4937-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200403-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:50:y:2004:i:3:id:4937-RAE