Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Vegricht Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: A. Machálek Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Ambrož Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: U. Brehme Author-Workplace-Name: Leibnitz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering e.V., Potsdam, Germany Author-Name: S. Rose Author-Workplace-Name: Leibnitz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering e.V., Potsdam, Germany Title: Milking-related changes of teat temperature caused by various milking machines Abstract: The aim of the performed work was to verify the hypothesis that different milking equipments have different influence on the blood circulation in the milk gland during milking. This influence was investigated by measuring the surface temperature of the milk gland using thermography. The influence was monitored of 5 different milking units in total, out of them 2 AMS, on the teat temperature which was scanned and evaluated in the teat tip centre and on the teat base at the same time with the surface temperature of the udder, always at the instant closely preceding the cluster application and then after its removal. It was ascertained that the average temperature of the teat tip after milking was increased in comparison with the temperature before milking practically in all the milking units monitored. At the same time, the average temperature of the teat tip in the milking equipment in parlours increased by about 1.7°C-2.7°C (6.1%-9.0%) as compared to the temperature before milking. At milking in AMS, the temperature rise of the teat tip was smaller and reached only 0.9°C-1.7°C (2.9%-6.0%). At the same time, the temperature of other parts of the milk gland grew commensurately. It was also found that differences exist between different milking units with respect to their influence on the temperature fluctuation of the milk gland. From the monitoring performed up to now and from the results acquired it is possible to apprehend that the monitoring of the teat temperature before and after milking with the help of thermography can become an indicator of the working quality of the milking equipment and its influence on the milk gland. The confirmation of this hypothesis requires, however, further detailed and extensive measuring to be carried out. Keywords: teat temperature, milking machine, infrared thermography Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 121-125 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1954-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1954-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1954-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Jelínek Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Dědina Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Kraus Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Research of the utilization of biotechnological agents for the reduction of ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions in livestock breeding in the Czech Republic Abstract: The reduction of ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions resulting from the livestock breeding is conditioned by the performance of many experiments for the reducing technologies verification. The utilisation of biotechnological agents in the livestock breeding enables to reduce not only ammonia but in many cases also the principal greenhouse gases. In the paper is presented the system and methodology of the measurements, the choice of more than eighty authorised measurements, and the determination of the emission factors for methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and nitrogen oxide from pig and poultry breeding. Keywords: ammonia, greenhouse gases, BAT, BREF, biotechnological agents, livestock breeding Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 126-133 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1960-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1960-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1960-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Češpiva Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Burg Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Horticultural Engineering, Mendel Agricultural and Forestry University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Monitoring of burden gases emission levels after farmyard manure application in grapevine and vegetable growing Abstract: Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions released during the application of farmyard manure in the crop production belong to the most significant air pollution resources of the agricultural activity. In this paper, the results are described of the emissions measurements in different ways of farmyard manure application in grapevine and vegetable growing. On the basis of the emissions measured, optimum procedures of the farmyard manure application were suggested with regard to the burden of environment by the monitored gases as low as possible. Also presented are the system and methodology of measuring the burden gases coming from soil by means of measuring chambers. Keywords: ammonia, greenhouse gases, burden gases emissions, grapevine, head cabbage Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 134-142 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1953-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1953-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1953-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sobotka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Krejčí Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Blahovec Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Equipment for the determination of dielectric properties of vegetable tissue during its mechanical loading Abstract: The internal structures of agricultural products change substantially in the course of the products deformation. One of the main changes in this process is the loss of the water content and water solutions generally due to the squeezing out of the cellular sap. The water content can be detected also by electric conductivity measured at different frequencies. The precise measurement of the electric conductivity during the deformation of soft agricultural products can be used as a simple indicative method for the study of the processes that control the squeezing out of the cellular sap including the filtration abilities of the cellular walls. In the paper, the experimental equipment is described that is able to detect the impedance of the vegetable tissue specimens during their compression between two plates. The equipment determines the sample impedance from a direct measurement of three voltages in the circuit that contains the tested specimen. The equipment is able to analyse the specimen properties at more than ten different frequencies up to 1 MHz. The formulas for the calculation of the real and the imaginary components of the relative permittivity are also given. Keywords: soft plant tissue, conductivity, permittivity, frequency, deformation, reversibility Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 143-148 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1955-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1955-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1955-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Kumhála Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Z. Kvíz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Kmoch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Prošek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Machines Utilization, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Dynamic laboratory measurement with dielectric sensor for forage mass flow determination Abstract: A new parallel plate capacitance sensor was built consisting of two metal sheets. The sensor - a capacitor and the whole oscillating circuit was driven at 27 MHz frequency. Dynamic laboratory experiments were performed with grass from a natural meadow in order to evaluate the possibility of the forage mass flow determination by means of this sensor. The results revealed a relatively strong linear relationship between the feed rates of the wet forage crop material passing through the sensor between its plates and the measured capacitance sensor circuit output frequency. The coefficients of determination (R2) varied from 0.9 to 0.96. Further improvement of the electronic circuit connection and further investigation of the sensor can be recommended. Keywords: precision agriculture, yield mapping, capacitance sensor, mass flow, grass and forage Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 149-154 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1959-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1959-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1959-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Mejzr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: B. Hanousek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Drying of hop Abstract: In the Czech Republic, belt kilns are predominantly used for hop drying. As in the world other types of hop kilns, such as box kilns, are also frequently used, the comparison appears desirable between the efficiency and quality of the technological processes in the individual kiln types. The present work is aimed at determining the hop drying parameters in the belt hop kiln, and their optimisation. Keywords: hop, drying, belt hop kiln, qualitative parameters Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 155-160 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1957-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1957-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1957-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Souček Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Kocánová Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Novák Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Parametres of energy crop biomass handling Abstract: Energy crop handling can be performed with standard handling machinery equipped with suitable adaptors. The authors describe and compare various types of handling of wood and herb energy crops. The published results have been gained by field measurements in operating conditions and calculated on the basis of bulk weight. Particular handling variants are supplemented with rough values of unit costs obtained by model calculation. Keywords: handling, energy crops, renewable resources, biomass Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 161-165 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1952-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1952-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1952-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Drobný Author-Workplace-Name: Norske Skog a.s., Štětí, Česká Republika Author-Name: M. Kavka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Tlustý Author-Workplace-Name: Chamber of Deputies, Parliament of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Selection procedure and multicriterial selection of small and bigger lorries Abstract: The developed car market makes demands on the potential user in the Czech Republic in view of the selection, purchase and operation. More vehicles appear on the market and it is far more complicated to make a good choice. There are plenty of methods and ways to simplify or improve the selection procedure. The article presented solves a multicriterial selection issue based on the results of a survey of small and bigger lorries. The main method of multi-criteria selection was PATTERN (Planning Assistance Trough Technical Evaluation of Relevant Numbers) suitable for the comparison of non-homogeneous criteria targeting a row of significance of each variant. Keywords: multicriterial evaluation, change trend, weight of significance, selection procedure, index of change, comparison Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 166-171 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1962-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1962-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1962-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I.A. Loukanov Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Title: Investigating the pumping process of a resonance-vibrating pump for medium-depth boreholes Abstract: This paper deals with the pumping process of a resonance-vibrating pump, which utilizes the resonance vibrations of one degree-of-freedom oscillating system. The pump is powered by a mechanical shaker consisting of two counter rotating offset masses and operating in resonance. The study investigates the nature of the pumping process and conditions required to achieve pumping action. Equations for the flow rate, pressure developed at ground level or any height above it, the pump efficiency, and the power delivered by the shaker are derived. The analysis of the pumping process revealed that the flow rate of the pump may be maximized either by increasing the acceleration imparted on the oscillating system, and/or by reducing the resonance frequency. It was found that the pressure developed by the pump is independent of the depth of pumping, provided that the same acceleration is imparted, and its efficiency may be increased either by reducing the resonance frequency and/or by increasing the depth of pumping. The preliminary test results about the flow rate and pressure developed at ground level appeared to be close to the values predicted by the proposed theory. Based on the analysis of the theoretical and experimental findings it is concluded that the equations derived in this study may be employed in designing resonance vibrating pumps for a desirable flow rate, pressure, and efficiency in pumping water from a specified depth. Keywords: resonance vibrating pumps, dual-shaft shaker, spring suspension system, foot valve, oscillating pipe, water column Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 172-181 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1956-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1956-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1956-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Kočárník Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mechanics and Materials Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Jirků Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mechanics and Materials Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The model of oscillating system with coil and its validation Abstract: This article demonstrates the solution of a dynamic system with a complex kinematical structure and rolling resistance in the Matlab-Simulink program. To validate the simulation, a physical model with an incremental sensor was established which allows us to measure the kinematical values while the system is in motion. The article also includes the simulation model block diagram and the calculated course of kinematical values. Numeric results were compared with the real model. The measurement proved good conformity in basic parameters such as the period time, amplitude decrease, stop time etc. Small deviations in the final phase may have been caused by fine unevenness of the plane during the experiment. Keywords: dynamic systems, mathematical model, simulation, validation Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 182-187 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1958-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1958-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-200704-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1958-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: editors Title: INDEX (VOLUME 53) Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 188-190 Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/1961-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1961-RAE.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:53:y:2007:i:4:id:1961-RAE