Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Jay Lamadrid De Vela Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Camarines Norte State College, Daet, Philippines Title: Control of odour and gaseous emissions from livestock buildings: Recent research and developments Abstract: One major challenge in the continuous growth of the livestock industry is the increased emission of odorous gases, which is not just a nuisance but also a cause of serious health and environmental concerns. Several strategies which aim to: (i) reduce the formation of odorous gases; (ii) enhance dispersion of odour; (iii) capture odour and gases to prevent escape to the environment; and (iv) reduce odour and gaseous concentrations, are developed. These are achieved with the use or employment of one or more of: (i) diet manipulation techniques; (ii) additives and adsorbents; (iii) covers; (iv) shelterbelts or windbreaks; (v) ventilation systems; (vi) biofilters; and (vii) air scrubber. The advantages and limitations of each of these strategies are discussed in this review in order to guide the choice of which strategy to use in a specific livestock application. Moreover, this review also discusses potential researchable areas in the field of odour control in livestock facilities. Keywords: air scrubber, biofilter, biotrickling filter, diet manipulation, odour control, shelterbelts Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 181-197 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/55/2024-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/55/2024-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:55-2024-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riswanti Sigalingging Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Author-Name: Nasha Putri Sebayang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Author-Name: Noverita Sprinse Vinolina Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Author-Name: Lukman Adlin Harahap Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Title: Modelling of energy demand prediction system in potato farming using deep learning method Abstract: Agriculture and energy are intricately connected, with agriculture being a significant energy consumer and supplier. In this comprehensive study, SPSS and Jupyter Notebook were used to model and predict the energy requirements of potato plants during cultivation. A system using deep learning methods, specifically the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), was also developed to accurately predict the classification of potato plant growth phases using image data. The CNN model, developed with 100 epochs and 5 layers, used 1 125 image data of potato plants, categorising them into two classes: the vegetative phase, with an energy requirement of 4 195.80 MJ.ha-1, and the generative phase, with an energy requirement of 746.45 MJ.ha-1. The model's accuracy in reflecting the actual data, with a mean absolute error of 0.11, mean square error of 0.01, and root mean square of 0.13, indicates no significant issues. The test predicted categorization with 99% precision, underscoring the thoroughness and validity of this study and reassuring the audience about the accuracy of the results. The study findings not only validate the use of deep learning in agriculture but also inspire the development of applications to predict the energy demand for each growth phase using plant image data. Keywords: convolutional neural network, machine learning, maxpooling, tuber, yield Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 198-208 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/115/2023-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/115/2023-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:115-2023-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Chinaka Ehiem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria Author-Name: Victor Ifeanyichukwu Obiora Ndirika Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria Author-Name: Udochukwu Nelson Onwuka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria Author-Name: Raghavan Vijayan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria Title: Modeling and optimization of dynamic isothermal compressibility features on flowability of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl nutshell powder Abstract: The compressibility features (bulk density, tapped bulk density, porosity, coefficient of compressibility and Hauser ratio) of Canarium schweinfurthii engl. nutshell powder as it affects flowability during densification process were investigated. Three different moisture contents (10.13, 15.07 and 20.11% wet basis; w.b.) and particle sizes of 0.659 7, 1.26 and 2.05 mm were considered at pressure range of 2 to 10 MPa. The compressibility relationship with the factors were modelled and the optimum flow conditions were also determined. The obtained results showed that particle size and moisture content had incremental influence on the compression features studied except moisture content on bulk density. The compressibility of the nut shell powder increased from 17.44 to 28.18% and decreased from 29.41%to 18.79% as moisture content and particle size increased respectively. Medium particle size had the least Hausner ratio (1.16) and the best flow behaviour than other sizes for all the studied moisture contents. The linear model developed and its features had significant relationship with compressibility. The optimum values of pressure, moisture content and particle size required to achieve 17.45% compressibility for good flow are 4.88 MPa, 10.91% and 0.863 8 mm respectively. Keywords: coefficient of compressibility, Hausner ratio, model particle size, optimum Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 209-217 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/24/2024-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/24/2024-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:24-2024-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jihan Nada Salsabila Erha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Author-Name: Dina Wahyu Indriani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Author-Name: Zaqlul Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Author-Name: Bambang Susilo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Author-Name: Dimas Firmanda Al Riza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Title: Prediction of physicochemical characteristics of Lemon (Citrus limon cv. Montaji Agrihorti) using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning model Abstract: Lemons are fruit products that grow well in Indonesia. Montaji Agrihorti is one of the lemon varieties found in Indonesia, a new variety developed by Balitjestro breeding. This lemon variety is seedless. In fact, lemons are harvested nearly all year-round. Equally important, evaluating the fruit's maturity level is crucial for determining the optimal harvest time. In this study, standardizing measurement on maturity level was conducted through Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning models. In this case, non-destructive data from Vis-NIR spectroscopy were correlated with parameters related to fruit maturity and quality, such as soluble solid content (SSC), acidity, firmness, essential oil yield, and essential oil content. Non-destructive test involved capturing spectral data to be subsequently processed through machine learning models such as SVM, KNN, and random forest. The most accurate results were obtained using the SVM method for SSC and firmness parameters, with  accuracy of 72 and 78%, respectively. For visual and acidity parameters, the most accurate result was performed through random forest with visual accuracy value 94% for all features, all features-MA (moving averages) was 97%, 36-PCA (principal component analysis) was 94%, and 36-PCA-MA was 97%. As for acidity, the accuracy for all features was 89%, all features-MA was 81%, 36-PCA was 89%, and 36-PCA-MA was 83%. Keywords: destructive, KNN, montaji Agrihorti Lemon, random forest, SVM, chemometrics Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 218-225 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/25/2024-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/25/2024-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:25-2024-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P K Pranav Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), India Author-Name: Anmol Kumar Author-Workplace-Name: Bihar Agricultural University, Sabaur (Bihar) India Author-Name: Abhishek Kumar Ansh Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India Author-Name: Sanjay Kumar Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), India Title: Geometrical analysis of 3-point linkage of tractors for measurement and display of implement's working depth Abstract: The display of the depth of operation on tractors' dashboards facilitates the operator in achieving precise operation. In this study, the depth of operation of a mounted implement was measured and digitally displayed on a tractor's dashboard. The change in depth of operation was sensed by measuring the rotation of the rocker arm of the tractor's hydraulic system. The measured angle of rotation was multiplied by a calibration factor to convert it into the actual depth of operation in centimetres. For the calibration factor, a geometrical analysis of the three-point linkage was carried out, and a mathematical relationship was established based on the length of various linkages and their locations. A computer program was also developed to solve these equations to calculate the calibration factor. The program was validated with six different sizes of three-point linkages and found the maximum root mean square error was within 5%. The developed digital display was evaluated in the laboratory with three different implements and found a maximum error of ± 1 cm. A further evaluation was also carried out in an actual field with implements at three different depth levels, and a deviation of up to ± 13% was found with respect to the manual depth measurement. Keywords: computer program, depth of operation, microcontroller, precise operation Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 237-244 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/23/2024-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/23/2024-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:23-2024-RAE Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dian Mardi Safitri Author-Workplace-Name: Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Workplace-Name: Center for The Study of Ergonomics, Work Health, and Safety, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Name: Novia Rahmawati Author-Workplace-Name: Vocational School, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia Author-Name: Winnie Septiani Author-Workplace-Name: Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Workplace-Name: Center for The Study of Ergonomics, Work Health, and Safety, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Name: Nora Azmi Author-Workplace-Name: Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Name: Azizah Nurul Hanifati Author-Workplace-Name: Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-Name: Ummi Noor Nazahiah binti Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering and Mechanical Technology, Universiti Malaysia, Perlis, Malaysia Author-Name: Norashiken binti Othman Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering and Mechanical Technology, Universiti Malaysia, Perlis, Malaysia Title: Ergonomic investigation on spraying task performance in paddy farming activities Abstract: The commodity rice in Indonesia and the administration of rice fields are given particular focus by the government. Spraying activities are known to increase the risk of exposure to chemicals for farmers, resulting in a loss of working days for 3-7 days. It is necessary to carry out ergonomic interventions for spraying activities to make the activity safer for farmers. This research aims to identify the ergonomics and safety problems of spraying activities in rice field farming, to analyse and develop intervention parameters to solve issues in spraying activities, and to generate innovative design concepts to overcome spraying problems. Prospective users assign importance weights to the twelve functional requirements. The light sprayer has the highest weight, meaning users need a lightweight sprayer. The relationship between the customer and the functional requirements can be strong, moderate, weak, and zero (no ties). This relationship determines the technical importance of the rating. From the assessment of the relationship between the customer and the functional requirements, it can be seen which technical specifications should be prioritised for developing the product. An automated system is the technical specification that should be prioritised because it has the most significant weight on meeting the consumer needs. Keywords: agriculture, human factors, musculoskeletal problems, risk, safety and health Journal: Research in Agricultural Engineering Pages: 226-236 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.17221/80/2023-RAE File-URL: http://rae.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/80/2023-RAE.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/rae-202404-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlrae:v:70:y:2024:i:4:id:80-2023-RAE