Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: František Doležal Title: Editorial Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 81-82 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/2789-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2789-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:2789-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Herrmann Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geoecology, Department of Hydrology and Landscape Ecology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Author-Name: Detlef Duncker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geoecology, Department of Hydrology and Landscape Ecology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Title: Runoff formation in a tile-drained agricultural basin of the Harz Mountain Foreland, Northern Germany Abstract: By taking two different tile-drained agricultural basins with porous aquifers in the lowlands of northern Germany as examples, it is demonstrated with an integrated study approach that this type of basin responds similarly to an input as forested mountainous basins with dominant fractured rock aquifers in the central European highlands do. The control mechanism is local rise of pressure heads of aquifers starting with the infiltration process. It is shown that drain laterals in agricultural basins function like fractures and faults in those hard rock basins, i.e. as efficient drain pipe lines. This effect is amplified by hydraulic pressure transmission in the course of single input events, and additionally verified here with the help of artificial and environmental tracers. As a result stream flow is predominantly generated by exfiltrating groundwater. For this process drain laterals constitute fast hydraulic short cuts in the sense of preferential flow paths preferably in case that groundwater tables reach up to the level tile-drain networks. Keywords: hydrograph separation, hydrological tracers, isotopes, dyes, groundwater, drain sampler Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 83-97 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/20/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/20/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:20-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petr Fučík Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Kvítek Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martin Lexa Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Novák Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Alena Bílková Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Assessing the stream water quality dynamics in connection with land use in agricultural catchments of different scales Abstract: The ecological status of many surface waters in the Czech Republic is poor, mainly due to still relatively high discharges of N substances especially from agriculture. High nitrate values in the streams situated particulary in basins of drinking water reservoirs invoke the neccesity for the precise detection of diffuse pollution areas to enable the setting of the appropriate land management strategies or relevant measures. We introduce a simple method for estimating the changes of nitrate concentrations in surface waters regarding the land use modification. Stream and drainage water nitrate concentrations in prevailingly agricultural catchments of three different scales located in the Crystalline complex of the Czech massif were included in this study. Water quality samples were collected through the years 1992-2006 at monthly and bi-monthly intervals. For the catchment land use analysis, the satellite images LANDSAT 7 (CORINE Land Cover) and digitised cadastre maps of the land register were processed using ESRI ArcMap GIS; both sources corrected by field survey. We demonstrate on three different basin - scale studies a strong relation between the arable land ratio within a catchment and the coherent stream water nitrate concentration. The results acquired from all the evaluated catchments showed that every 10% decrease of ploughed land proportion in a catchment lowers the nitrate concentration C90 value (90% probability of non-exceedance) in average by 6.38 mg/l. Keywords: nitrates, land use, drinking water reservoir basins, GIS Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 98-112 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/19/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/19/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:19-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ladislav Holko Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia Author-Name: Zdeněk Kostka Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia Title: Impact of landuse on runoff in mountain catchments of different scales Abstract: The paper presents two approaches to the analysis of the impacts of landuse changes on hydrological regime in mountain catchments of northern Slovakia. An intersite comparison of measured data along the Jalovecký creek was used to test whether different landuse can be identified by means of water balance data and characteristics of runoff events. Although the comparison provided extended knowledge of the catchment, the only characteristic which might indicate possible impact of different landuse is the ratio of peakflow to flow at the beginning of the event. Simulations by means of spatially distributed hydrological model showed that different (extreme) scenarios resulted in relatively subtle impacts compared to uncertainties connected with hydrological modelling. Keywords: hydrological regime, landuse change Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 113-120 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/16/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/16/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:16-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pavel Žlábek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav Bystřický Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Ondr Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Kvítek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Lechner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Adjustment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Long-term progress in water quality after grassing and fertilization reduction in spring areas of the Šumava Mountains Abstract: The changes in water quality caused by grassing of arable land followed by the reduction in the use of fertilisers after 1989 are demonstrated on an example of two tile-drained subcatchments in spring areas in the Šumava Mountains. The original water quality monitoring was performed in the mid-1980s, at the time when the area was used as tile-drained arable land. The monitoring was renewed in 2004 under different, i.e. extensive, land use conditions. The principal reason for the new monitoring at the site was to see what sort of changes, if any, in water quality had occurred in the location, particularly in terms of nitrate nitrogen leaching. The concentrations and ranges of the values of all water quality indices monitored decreased after grassing. The average nitrate concentration of 39.5 mg/l (min. 9.2 mg/l, max. 104.8 mg/l) in 1983-1985 dropped to 17.5 mg/l (min. 3.5 mg/l, max. 33.3 mg/l) in 2005-2007. The greatest decrease (by 85%) was found in average ammonium concentrations. A positive effect of current agricultural management in foothill areas on the reduction of all water quality parameters monitored was confirmed. Keywords: subcatchment, land use change, tile drainage, water quality Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 121-128 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/3/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:3-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna P. SIWEK Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Tourism and Recreation, University School of Physical Education in Cracow, Cracow, Poland Author-Name: Mirosław ŻELAZNY Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Author-Name: Wojciech CHEŁMICKI Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Title: Annual changes in the chemical composition of stream water in small catchments with different land-use (Carpathian Foothills, Poland) Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify the factors that influence annual changes in the chemical composition of stream waters. The research area was located in the marginal zone of the Carpathian Foothills (Poland) in the Stara Rzeka catchment (mixed land-use) and its two sub-catchments: Leśny Potok (wooded) and Kubaleniec (farmed). Hydrochemical studies were carried out during the 1998-2004 water years and with separate recording frequencies for individual parameters. Measures used included specific conductance (SC), pH and the concentration of the main ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-) and nutrient compounds (NH4+ , NO2-, NO3-, PO43-). Tendencies towards changes in chemical parameters were estimated using the Seasonal Kendall Test. Elimination of flow rate impact on the chemical composition of stream waters was achieved using the residuals from the LOWESS analysis. During the analysed period, a statistically significant increase in SC and the concentration of the majority of main ions occurred. Additionally, there was an increase in the concentration of nutrient compounds in watercourses undergoing the anthropogenic impact (Kubaleniec, Stara Rzeka), as opposed to the Leśny Potok stream draining the wooded catchment. The SC changes were determined by a decrease in the annual river run-off and simultaneous ion concentration (natural factor). In the Stara Rzeka catchment, the increase in NH4+ concentration was caused by the increase in sewage discharge into the river (anthropogenic factor). Another factor that contributed to the annual changes of water chemistry was gradually deeper and deeper water-circulation (circulation factor), responsible for an increase in the concentration of Na+ and Cl- and a decrease of HCO3-3- and Ca2+. Keywords: river water chemistry, water pollution, nutrient compounds, flow tendency Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 129-137 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/17/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/17/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:17-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Vopravil Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Khel Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Name: Karel Voplakal Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Name: Monika Čermáková Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Title: The impact of artificial drainage on water quality in two model areas in the bohemian forest foothills Abstract: This contribution arises from a broader research assignment dealing with the changes in soil properties and characteristics which have occurred following the artificial drainage of some agricultural soils in the Czech Republic. The current state is statistically compared with the state before the drainage. Thanks to the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation database, extensive sets of historical data are available. To enable a more detailed evaluation of the changes discovered, we chose two smaller study areas with different soil use. In the first area (Haklovy Dvory - arable land) there is intensive use of the soil, while in the other area (Železná - pastures) the use is not intensive. Historical data from about 30 years ago on the quality of surface and ground (well) water in the Železná area were taken as a starting point. The same types of water quality analyses were then made with water samples taken semi-annually in the Železná area since 2004 and once only (in 2005) in the Haklovy Dvory area. That led to the creation of an extensive body of information of water quality in the study areas. Within the framework of this information, the recent data, being still constantly supplemented, and the historical data on tile drainage, surface (stream) and underground (well) water quality are compared. In the course of the monitoring we focused on the following chemical indicators in the water: pH, alkalinity-acidity, total hardness, the concentrations of selected cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium, ammonia) and most important anions (bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides) and the electrical conductivity of the water. Individual samplings of surface and tile drainage water were, on the basis of the above mentioned analytical data, assigned appropriate quality categories according to the five-level pollution classification system defined by surface water quality standard (ČSN 75 7221). In Železná, no pronounced water pollution was found during the entire course of the monitoring, with the exception of one sampling point in the vicinity of which there was once a farmyard manure heap. By contrast, in the intensively managed Haklovy Dvory study area there was evidence of significant pollution of all tile drainage water samples. This finding supports our hypothesis about a direct impact of the type of agriculture practised in the area on the quality of tile drainage water. Both the use of fertilizers for agricultural crops and the intensive tillage of the soil have a commensurately large negative impact on the quality of tile drainage water and, subsequently, on the quality of water in surface watercourses. Keywords: Keywords: water quality, tile drainage, land use, soil Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 138-154 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/7/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/7/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:7-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zdeněk KLIMENT Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milada MATOUŠKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Long-term trends of rainfall and runoff regime in upper Otava River basin Abstract: The floods experienced recently in the Czech Republic gave rise to numerous discussions over the changed environment and related potential impacts on the rainfall and runoff processes. The main aim of our research project was to determine long term trends of rainfall and runoff regime in Otava River basin. The rainfall-runoff analyses using both the single and double mass curves over the period of the hydrologic observations were taken as a basic method. Beside mean discharge, precipitation, snow and air temperature trends, analysis of land cover change and human impact on the river network and drainage areas development were applied too. The greatest deviations were widely observed in the period between the 2nd half of the seventies and in the 1st half of the eighties. It has been related to the one of repeatedly coming rather humid episodes and correspond to major human influences on the river network. The whole system came slowly back to its initial condition in the early nineties. Standard statistical testing methods were applied to confirm the trends. The Wilcoxon single and paired samples test, and furthermore the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test were used. Trend detection using both tests also confirmed a different development of the discharges and precipitation regime in the Ostružná and upper Blanice River basins in the period 1975-1982. The runoff trend deviation has been related to the nature and human factors, mainly to current climatic changes and changes of landscape retention potential. Keywords: trend analysis, rainfall, runoff, climate change, human impact, the Otava River basin, Czech Republic Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 155-167 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/2/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:2-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav Tesař Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Oldřich Syrovátka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management in Jindřichův Hradec, University of Economics in Prague, Jindřichův Hradec, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav Šír Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ľubomír Lichner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology SAV, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Jan Váchal Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Krejča Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Storm runoff in the foothill headwater area Senotín Abstract: The purpose of the pilot project Senotín (1993-2000) was to prove the methods of revitalization of sub-mountain headwater area (0.38 km2) in the Novobystřická Vysočina Highland (610-725 m a. s. l.) in the Czech Republic. This area was tile-drained and ploughed in 1985. Seven underground clay shields newly constructed in 1995 stopped the function of the tile drainage. Four balks prevented the surface and subsurface runoff. These adaptations improved water retention capacity of the whole catchment, which is demonstrated using an example of runoff formation in the revitalized area. A typical storm rain (total 15 mm, duration 5.6 h, max. intensity 4 mm/20 min) and the consequent runoff was analysed, including the role of the soil in the runoff retardation and water retention. The runoff started in two hours since the rain beginning. The retention reached 98% of the rain total. The runoff lasted for 85 h. The concave-upward shape of the falling hydrograph limb indicates that the maximum retention capacity of the studied catchment is high. Keywords: headwater area, storm runoff, water retention, runoff retardation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 168-174 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/6/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/6/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:6-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Šimon Bercha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Hydrological Research, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Libuše Bubeníčková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Hydrological Research, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Jirák Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Hydrological Research, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavla Řičicová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Hydrological Research, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Water storage in snow cover and runoff in experimental basins in the Jizerské hory Mountains Abstract: The main aim of this work was to compare the results of the water storages obtained in the experimental basins in the Jizerské hory Mountains before the time of snowmelt with the total outflows, which were measured in the hydrological stations during the snowmelt period in two winter seasons with extraordinary snow depths (2005 and 2006). The snow water equivalent (measured in weekly steps), daily precipitation amount, and runoff in hourly values were the input data; the calculated runoff coefficients were the output values. The runoff coefficients from the snowmelt periods of 2005 and 2006 were compared in the Uhlířská and the Jezdecká Basins. The runoff coefficient in the Uhlířská Basin increased in 2006 from 0.636 to 0.688 (increase by 4%) and in the Jezdecká Basin it increased in 2006 from 0.660 to 0.749 (increase by 9%). It may have been the result of a bigger volume of precipitation during the snowmelt period 2006. The calculated runoff coefficients, which express the differences between the water storage obtained and the total outflow, can describe the specific characters of the experimental basins. It may be useful for the estimation of the expected inflow into water reservoirs and also for the hydrological forecasting in the foothills of the Jizerské hory Mountains. The measured data of snow cover also serve as a check, and also for the possible adjustment of the snow water equivalent generated by the model SNOW 17 - which is a part of the forecasting modelling system Aqualog. This system is in everyday use for the Elbe river forecasts in the Forecasting Centre of CHMI. The usefulness of this procedure was proved especially during the floods arising from snowmelts in last years. The model SNOW 17 has been calibrated for the catchment of the Černá Desná Stream with the Jezdecká closing profile (one of the experimental basins in the Jizerské hory Mountains). The results obtained demonstrate a very good capability of the model to duplicate the dynamics of the snow cover accumulation and thaw, if quality input data are available. Keywords: snow water equivalent (SWE), runoff coefficient, snowmelt, simulation of discharge Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 175-182 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/4/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200803-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:3:id:4-2008-SWR