Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariusz Merta Author-Workplace-Name: International Graduate School, Zittau, Germany Author-Name: Christina Seidler Author-Workplace-Name: International Graduate School, Zittau, Germany Author-Name: Sylvi Bianchin Author-Workplace-Name: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany Author-Name: Herman Heilmeier Author-Workplace-Name: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany Author-Name: Elke Richert Author-Workplace-Name: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany Title: Analysis of land use change in the Eastern Ore Mts. regarding both nature protection and flood prevention Abstract: Two different models (WBS FLAB, WaSiM-ETH) were used in the project HochNatur (flood prevention and nature conservation in the Weißeritz catchment in the Eastern Ore Mts. - Erzgebirge) to determine risk areas with quick runoff processes and to simulate the discharge. It was done in different scales, in the mesoscale Weißeritz catchment as well as two selected subcatchments with different natural and urban conditions, the Weißbach subcatchment with a well-structured landscape, the Höckenbach subcatchment with a greater part of arable land. On the basis of selected scenarios, the effect of land use changes on the runoff generation processes of an area and on the hydrograph is described. Land use changes are able to reduce the portion of quick runoff components, the water erosion and the discharge. The effect occurs especially in smaller catchments and with short heavy rains (events with a frequency of occurrence of 5-50 years). Depending on the present situation the changes have to include areas of more than 25% of the catchments area to cause a significant effect. It became apparent that nature conservation and flood prevention agree well in their requirements with the land use. A rich structured landscape proved to be extraordinarily positive for both, flood prevention and nature conservation. Keywords: hydrological modeling, runoff generation, land use change Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S105-S115 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1193-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1193-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1193-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Viliam Novák Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Title: Using the sensitivity of biomass production to soil water for physiological drought evaluation Abstract: The analysis of drought as a phenomenon and the proposal of how to define and quantify the deficiency of water in soil for plants, so called physiological drought, are described. The presented approach is based on the theoretical considerations supported by empirically estimated relationships between the biomass production of a particular plant and the transpiration total of this plant during its vegetation period. This relationship is linear and is valid for particular plant and environmental conditions (nutrition, agrotechnics). Optimal plant production can be reached for maximum seasonal transpiration total, therefore the potential transpiration total corresponds to the maximum possible yield. The transpiration rate lower than the potential one leads to a biomass production decrease. This phenomenon can be used to define the physiological drought, under which the soil water content in the root zone decreases below the so called critical soil water content of limited availability for plants, under which the transpiration rate drops below its potential transpiration rate. Methodology is illustrated on the basis of the results of mathematical modelling of soil water movement in Soil - Plant - Atmosphere system, with loamy soil and maize canopy. Keywords: physiological drought, soil water content, transpiration, biomass production, mathematical modelling, maize Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S116-S122 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1411-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1411-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1411-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Orfánus Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Zoltán Bedrna Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Ľubomír Lichner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Paul D. Hallett Author-Workplace-Name: Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom Author-Name: Karol Kňava Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Michal Sebíň Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Title: Spatial variability of water repellency in pine forest soil Abstract: The variability of water repellency of pine-forest arenic regosols and its influence on infiltration processes were measured in southwest Slovakia. The water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests of soil water repellency and infiltration tests with a miniature tension infiltrometer (3 mm diameter) were performed. Large differences in infiltration were observed over centimetre spatial resolution, with WDPT tests suggesting water repellency varying from extreme to moderate levels. For soils with severe to extreme water repellency determined with WDPT, steady state infiltration was not reached in tests with the miniature tension infiltrometer, making it impossible to estimate sorptivity. Where sorptivity could be measured, the correlation with WDPT was poor. All results suggest that hydraulic properties of soil change below the centimetre scale resolution of the current study, probably due to a presence of unevenly distributed hydrophobic material. Keywords: spatial variability, water repellency, WDPT test, infiltration, sorptivity Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S123-S129 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/11/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/11/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:11-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miloslav Šír Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ľubomír Lichner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Miroslav Tesař Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Krejča Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Váchal Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Soil water retention and gross primary productivity in the Zábrod area in the Šumava Mts. Abstract: The synergy between the hydrologic extremes, plant transpiration, gross primary productivity, and soil water retention was studied in the experimental area Zábrod - Meadow in the Šumava Mts. (Bohemian Forest) during the vegetative seasons of 1983-2000. The heat balance, potential and actual transpiration, entropy production and gross primary productivity were evaluated. It was found that the global radiation, precipitation amount, and soil water retention are the crucial factors determining the hydrologic pattern and gross primary productivity. Insufficient soil water retention leads to low entropy production by evaporation and low gross primary productivity, which results in the extremalisation of the hydrologic cycle. On the other hand, in the case of sufficient soil water retention, high entropy production by transpiration and high gross primary productivity lead to the stability of the hydrologic cycle. Keywords: hydrologic cycle, evapotranspiration, gross primary productivity, entropy production, soil water retention Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S130-S138 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/12/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/12/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:12-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Július Šútor Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Milan Gomboš Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Miroslav Kutílek Author-Workplace-Name: Emeritus Professor of Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Krejča Author-Workplace-Name: University of Technology and Economy, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Title: Soil water regime estimated from the soil water storage monitored in time Abstract: During the vegetation season, the water storage in the soil aeration zone is influenced by meteorological phenomena and by the vegetated cover. If the groundwater table is in contact with the soil profile, its contribution to water storage must be considered. This impact can be either monitored directly or the mathematical model of the soil moisture regime can be used to simulate it. We present the results of monitoring soil water content in the aeration zone of the East Slovakian Lowland. The main problem is the evaluation of the soil water storage in seasons and in years in the soil profile. Until now, classification systems of the soil water regime evaluation have been mainly based upon climatological factors and soil morphology where the classification has been realized on the basis of indirect indicators. Here, a new classification system based upon quantified data sets is introduced and applied for the measured data. The system considers the degree of accessibility of soil water to plants, including the excess of soil water related to the duration for those characteristic periods. The time span is hierarchically arranged to differentiate between the dominant water storage periods and short-term fluctuations. The lowest taxonomic units characterize the vertical fluxes over time periods. The system allows the comparison of soil water regime taxons over several years and under different types of vegetative cover, or due to various types of land use. We monitored soil water content on two localities, one with a deep ground water level, one with a shallow ground water level. The profile with a shallow ground water level keeps a more uniform taxons and subtaxons of soil water regime due to the crop variation than the profile with a deep ground water level. Keywords: ecology classification, soil water regime, soil water content monitoring, soil water storage Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S139-S146 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/13/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/13/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:13-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav Tesař Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav Šír Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ľubomír Lichner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology SAV, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Jaroslav Fišák Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic Title: Extreme runoff formation in the Krkonoše Mts. in August 2002 Abstract: The role of the water movement and retention during extreme runoff formation was demonstrated in the Modrý Důl catchment (Krkonoše Mts., Czech Republic). A cyclone, which moved from Hungary to Poland, caused an extreme rainfall (120 mm) and subsequent extreme runoff in August, 2002. The precipitation, discharge, air and soil temperatures, tensiometric pressure, and soil moisture were recorded. The maximum retention capacity of the catchment was evaluated (70 mm). Depending on the actual retention capacity and the precipitation amount, two situations were recorded: (1) the precipitation amount lower than the actual retention capacity where the precipitation was fully absorbed in the catchment and the discharge in to the stream was not influenced by rain, (2) the precipitation amount higher than the actual retention capacity where the precipitation caused a saturation excess of the soil profile, generating extreme outflow into the stream. Neither the soil cover in the catchment or fluvial deposits along the Modrý potok stream were able to retain the extreme rain and inhibit the catastrophic flood. Keywords: mountain hydrology, runoff formation, extreme rain, soil-water retention Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S147-S154 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/14/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/14/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:14-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niels Arne Wahl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Title: Variability of water repellency in sandy forest soils under broadleaves and conifers in north-western Jutland/Denmark Abstract: Soil water repellency has important consequences for ecological and hydrological properties of soils and usually retards infiltration capacity and induces preferential flow. This phenomenon has been known to occur on a wide range of sites under a variety of climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate and characterize soil water repellency on forest sites with identical substrate and climatic conditions, differing in tree age and species. In the Vester Torup Klitplantage, an area comprising a conifer dominated forest plantation stocking on sandy deposits in a coastal setting near the Jammer Bay in north-western Jutland/Denmark, four different forest plots were investigated for water repellency effects four times in 2005. To measure soil water repellency, the water drop penetration time test and the critical surface tension test were carried out. Both tests revealed a seasonal variability in water repellency, exhibiting the highest water repellency for the upper 10 cm of the soil during the summer months, whereas the variability between the different plots seems to be less significant. There was no coherence between humus forms, thickness of litter layer and water repellency. Keywords: critical surface tension, Denmark, forest soils, hydrophobicity, water drop penetration time, water repellency Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S155-S164 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1407-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1407-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1407-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ľubomír Lichner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Radka Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Tesař Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Introduction to Special Issue on biohydrology Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S2-S4 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1202-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1202-SWR.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1202-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul D. Hallett Author-Workplace-Name: Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom Title: A brief overview of the causes, impacts and amelioration of soil water repellency - a review Abstract: This article describes the phenomenon of soil water repellency, starting from the fundamental principals of water transport and storage in soil. Soil water repellency is a reduction in the rate of wetting and retention of water in soil caused by the presence of hydrophobic coatings on soil particles. For crop production and the maintenance of amenity turf, water repellency can stress plants resulting in poorer yield quality or grass 'playability', respectively. The biological causes of water repellency, primarily the influence of fungi, will be discussed, as an understanding of the source of the problem will be beneficial in developing solutions. Exacerbation of repellency through climate change and the use of 'engineered' soils for amenity surfaces will be demonstrated using research findings from around the globe. In developing solutions to soil water repellency, its positive benefits, if maintained at very low levels, need to be considered. Water repellency is a key process in the physical stabilisation of soil and its impact on evaporation also needs to be considered. Before developing a rapid solution to repellency based only on water transport rates, a holistic understanding of the impacts on soil water relations is essential. Keywords: soil, water repellency, hydrophobicity, agriculture, land management, water shortages Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S21-S29 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1198-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1198-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1198-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kálmán Rajkai Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSac), Budapest, Hungary Title: The role of soil in bioclimatology - a review Abstract: Soil's part in bioclimatology is not defined and formulated yet. We interpret soil together with its plant cover as primary climate modifier for organisms living on, and within it. At the same time evaporating soil together with its transpiring vegetation is affecting the climate, and functioning as secondary climate modifier in context of bioclimatology. Selected Hungarian studies are used to highlight four primary and three secondary soil modifier actions connected to bioclimatology. Both primary and secondary soil modifier roles coupled mainly to soil hydro-physical properties. The first primary soil climate modifier action is the dew formation in the surface of sandy soils. As dew 80 mm of water can annually be transported from the subsoil to soil surface. Positive water resource value of dew is still not completely accepted. The second primary soil climate modifier example presents different amounts of usable soil moisture resource in two oak forest habitats with different species composition of herbs. In the third primary soil example the microclimate of the wetter habitat with deeper soil and denser herb vegetation of the oak forest - estimated by inverse modelling - showed higher shading, air moisture content and lower soil coverage than that of dry one. In the fourth primary soil modifier example forest hydrology is quantified for a Scots pine forest. Amount of transpiration, evaporation, interception, and change in the soil water storage were quantified and modelled. As secondary soil climate modifier role CO2 emitting of different plant production forms and land-uses is shown. Estimated CO2 production burning fuels for soil and plant cultivation is one to threefold of the organic extensive and intensive plant production farm consecutively in 2001. For the estimative calculations cost data of the farms are used. Amount of CO2 fixed in the crop biomass is also one to threefold as estimated with the regional scale formula of CEEMA (Canadian Economic and Emission Model for Agriculture). Two secondary soil modifier examples of soil texture and land use pattern's influence on local weather phenomena and near surface atmospheric processes as storm move and development are presented yet. Both studies demonstrate the significance of site-specific soil hydraulic parameters - as field capacity, usable and actual water storage - in formation of the local weather through the soil evaporation and plant transpiration in modelling studies. Of course variety of soil's role is much wider as the examples show and even it is not known completely at present. Soil's role in bioclimatology as new discipline will expectably be formulated in the future. Keywords: soil hydraulic parameters, evaporation, transpiration, stand microclimate, storm formation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S30-S41 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/8/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:8-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Šimůnek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA Author-Name: J. Maximilian Köhne Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Physics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany Author-Name: Radka Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Geology, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Šejna Author-Workplace-Name: PC-Progress, Prague, Czech Republic$2 Title: Simulating nonequilibrium movement of water, solutes and particles using hydrus - a review of recent applications Abstract: Water and contaminants moving through the vadose zone are often subject to a large number of simultaneous physical and chemical nonequilibrium processes. Traditional modeling tools for describing flow and transport in soils either do not consider nonequilibrium processes at all, or consider them only separately. By contrast, a wide range of nonequilibrium flow and transport modeling approaches are currently available in the latest versions of the HYDRUS software packages. The formulations range from classical models simulating uniform flow and transport, to relatively traditional mobile-immobile water physical and two-site chemical nonequilibrium models, to more complex dual-permeability models that consider both physical and chemical nonequilibrium. In this paper we briefly review recent applications of the HYDRUS models that used these nonequilibrium features to simulate nonequilibrium water flow (water storage in immobile domains and/or preferential water flow in structured soils with macropores and other preferential flow pathways), and transport of solutes (pesticides and other organic compounds) and particles (colloids, bacteria and viruses) in the vadose zone. Keywords: nonequilibrium flow and transport, physical nonequilibrium, chemical nonequilibrium, numerical models, preferential flow, reactive transport, HYDRUS, review of recent applications Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S42-S51 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1200-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1200-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0011.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1200-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radka Kodešová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Miroslav Kutílek - Professor of soil science, soil physics and soil hydrology Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S5-S6 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1412-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1412-SWR.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1412-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henryk Czachor Author-Workplace-Name: Deptartment of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials, Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: Maria Flis-Bujak Author-Workplace-Name: Soil Science Department, Agriculture Academy in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: Marcin Kafarski Author-Workplace-Name: Deptartment of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials, Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: Andrzej Król Author-Workplace-Name: Deptartment of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials, Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Title: Wetting angle and water sorptivity in mineral soils Abstract: Two simple models of a non-cylindrical (wavy) capillary have been applied to show the impact of pore shape and of wetting angle on water sorptivity in soils. Wetting angle derived from the Washburn approach gives an overestimated value because of pores are modelled as round capillary tubes, whereas in reality they are tortuous, wavy and interconnected. In wavy capillaries, the impact of wetting angle on water sorptivity and capillarity driven water transport can be much more pronounced in relation to Washburn approach. An observed wetting front movement can be seen as a superposition of micro jumps and rests. Experiments carried out with glass powder and two soils confirm the above predictions. Keywords: sub-critical repellency, Washburn theory, wavy capillary Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S52-S57 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1201-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1201-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0013.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1201-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Csilla Farkas Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Andrea Hagyó Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Eszter Horváth Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: György Várallyay Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Title: A Chernozem soil water regime response to predicted climate change scenarios Abstract: Climate, hydrology and vegetation are closely linked at local, regional and global scales. The recent land use and plant production systems are adapted to the present climatic conditions. Thus, studies on the influence of possible climate change scenarios on the water and heat regimes of the soil-plant-atmosphere system are important in order to work out plant production strategies, adjusted to changed conditions. In this study the effect of two possible climate change scenarios on the soil water regime of a Chernozem soil was estimated for a Hungarian site. Soil water content dynamics simulated for different conventional and soil conserving soil tillage systems were evaluated, using the SWAP soil water balance simulation model. The combined effect of different soil tillage systems and climate scenarios was analysed. Climate scenarios were represented through the cumulative probability function of the annual precipitation sum. The SWAP model was calibrated against the measured in the representative soil profiles soil water content data. The site- and soil-specific parameters were set and kept constant during the scenario studies. According to the simulation results, increase in the average growing season temperature showed increase in climate induced soil drought sensitivity. The evaluated soil water content dynamics indicated more variable and less predictable soil water regime compared to the present climate. It was found that appropriate soil tillage systems that are combined with mulching and ensure soil loosening could reliably decrease water losses from the soil. From this aspect cultivator treatment created the most favourable for the plants soil conditions. It was concluded that soil conserving soil management systems, adapted to local conditions could contribute to soil moisture conservation and could increase the amount of plant available water under changing climatic conditions. Keywords: climate change, SWAP, simulation modelling, soil moisture, soil tillage, Chernozem, soil water conservation, direct drilling Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S58-S67 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1410-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1410-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0014.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1410-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav Fišák Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Tesař Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Daniela Fottová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Pollutant concentrations in rime and fog water Abstract: : The present study deals with a comparison between the pollutant concentrations in the samples of rime and of fog water (so-called deposited or occult precipitation) collected at the Milešovka Observatory. Although rime can be observed during a limited part of the year, it still has an important share in the total amount of precipitation and can contribute significantly to a local increase in pollutant loads. The total sum of the selected free ions in the rime water represents approximately a half of the total sum of the selected free ions in the fog water. The relative contents of free ions in the mean sample were different in rime and fog water with the exception of K+, Mg2+ and F- that did not show any significant variations. Keywords: fog water, rime water, pollutant concentration Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S68-S73 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1406-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1406-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0015.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1406-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav Kutílek Author-Workplace-Name: Prague Institute of Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Libor Jendele Author-Workplace-Name: Prague Institute of Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The structural porosity in soil hydraulic functions - a review Abstract: Products of biological processes are the dominant factor of soil structure formation in A horizons, while in B horizons their role is less expressed. Soil structure influences dominantly the structural domain of the pore system in bimodal soils thus affecting soil hydraulic functions. The form of soil hydraulic functions depends upon the pore size distribution and generally upon configuration of the soil pore system. We used the functions derived for the lognormal pore size distribution and modified them to bi-modal soils. The derived equations were tested by experimental data of catalogued soils. The procedure leads to the separation of two mutually different domains of structural and matrix pores. The value of the pressure head (potential) separating the two domains is not constant and varies in a broad range. For each domain we obtained its water retention function and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function. The separation of hydraulic functions for the two domains is a key problem in the solution of preferential flow and in controlling lateral flow between the structural and matrix domains. Water retention function is fully physically based while the conductivity function still keeps fitting parameters, too. Their simple relationship to tortuosity and pores connectivity was not confirmed. Since they differ substantially for matrix and structural domains, we suppose that there exists a great difference in configuration of porous systems in structural and matrix domains. The use of uniform fitting conductivity parameters for the whole range of pores is not justifiable. Keywords: soil structure, bi-modal soils, soil water retention, unsaturated conductivity, pore size distribution, structural pore domain, matrix pore domain Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S7-S20 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1190-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1190-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0016.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1190-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika Gömöryová Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Katarína Střelcová Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Jaroslav Škvarenina Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Juraj Bebej Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Dušan Gömöry Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Title: The impact of windthrow and fire disturbances on selected soil properties in the Tatra National Park Abstract: : In November 2004, forest stands in the Tatra National Park (TANAP) were affected by windthrow and in July 2005, the wildfire broke out on a part of the affected area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the windthrow and fire disturbances on soil microbial activity. Basal and potential soil respiration, N-mineralisation, catalase activity, soil microbial biomass, and cellulase activity were measured in soil samples taken from the A-horizon (depth of 0-10 cm) along 100 m transects established on 4 plots (reference site, burnt, non-extracted, and extracted sites) in October 2006. Some soil microbial characteristics exhibited a high spatial variability, especially microbial biomass and N-mineralisation. Significant differences in soil microbial characteristics (especially basal soil respiration and catalase activity) between plots were found. Generally, the highest microbial activity was revealed on the plot affected by fire. Soil microbial activity was similar on the extracted and non-extracted sites. Keywords: windthrow, wildfire, spruce stands, forest soil, microbial activity Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S74-S80 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/9/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/9/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0017.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:9-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Asghar Jafarzadeh Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, I.R. of Iran Author-Name: Parisa Alamdari Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, I.R. of Iran Author-Name: Mohamed Reza Neyshabouri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, I.R. of Iran Author-Name: Siamak Saedi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, I.R. of Iran Title: Land suitability evaluation of bilverdy research station for wheat, barley, alfalfa, maize and safflower Abstract: In the present study and research work, land suitability evaluation (qualitative classification) was made for the Bilverdy research station of the Islamic Azad University in East Azarbaijan for wheat, barley, alfalfa, maize and safflower. The Simple Limitation Method (SLM), the Limitation Method regarding Number and Intensity (LMNI) and the Parametric Methods (PM) such as the square-root and the Storie methods were used. The landscape, climate and soil and characteristics that influence suitability of the land for particular crops have been combined according to the adopted methodology. Economic factors were excluded and moderate level of management was assumed. The results of different methods show that the most important limiting factors are climate, pH, organic matter (OM), gravel, salinity and sodicity, taken either alone or in combination. For safflower, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) can be added to these factors. Evaluation by the SLM and LMNI methods result in similar suitability classes, which confirms previous findings by other researchers for the same crops. However, in many cases the use of parametric methods, especially the square-root method, turned to be more realistic in distinguishing separate suitability classes. This study not only compares different methods and their results but also evaluates the suitability of the study area for particular crops. According to the square-root method, the area can be recommended as marginally suitable for cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa and safflower and is expected to yield about 40-65% of optimal production. Keywords: climate, pH, gravel, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, salinity, sodicity Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S81-S88 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/15/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/15/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0018.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:15-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Axel Kleidon Author-Workplace-Name: Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Title: Entropy production by evapotranspiration and its geographic variation Abstract: The hydrologic cycle is a system far from thermodynamic equilibrium that is characterized by its rate of entropy production in the climatological mean steady state. Over land, the hydrologic cycle is strongly affected by the presence of terrestrial vegetation. In order to investigate the role of the biota in the hydrologic cycle, it is critical to investigate the consequences of biotic effects from this thermodynamic perspective. Here I quantify entropy production by evapotranspiration with a climate system model of intermediate complexity and estimate its sensitivity to vegetation cover. For present-day conditions, the global mean entropy production of evaporation is 8.4 mW/m2/K, which is about 1/3 of the estimated entropy production of the whole hydrologic cycle. On average, ocean surfaces generally produce more than twice as much entropy as land surfaces. On land, high rates of entropy production of up to 16 mW/m2/K are found in regions of high evapotranspiration, although relative humidity of the atmospheric boundary layer is also an important factor. With an additional model simulation of a "Desert" simulation, where the effects of vegetation on land surface functioning is removed, I estimate the sensitivity of these entropy production rates to the presence of vegetation. Land averaged evapotranspiration decreases from 2.4 to 1.4 mm/d, while entropy production is reduced comparatively less from 4.2 to 3.1 mW/m2/K. This is related to the reduction in relative humidity of the atmospheric boundary layer as a compensatory effect, and points out the importance of a more complete treatment of entropy production calculations to investigate the role of biotic effects on Earth system functioning. Keywords: hydrologic cycle, evapotranspiration, land surface, entropy production, principle of Maximum Entropy Production, vegetation effects Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S89-S94 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/1192-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1192-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0019.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:1192-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: András Lukács Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Géza Pártay Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Tamás Németh Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Szilveszter Csorba Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Csilla Farkas Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary Title: Drought stress tolerance of two wheat genotypes Abstract: Biotic and abiotic stress effects can limit the productivity of plants to great extent. In Hungary, drought is one of the most important constrains of biomass production, even at the present climatic conditions. The climate change scenarios, developed for the Carpathian basin for the nearest future predict further decrease in surface water resources. Consequently, it is essential to develop drought stress tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure sustainable and productive wheat production under changed climate conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the stress tolerance of two winter wheat genotypes at two different scales. Soil water regime and development of plants, grown in a pot experiment and in large undisturbed soil columns were evaluated. The pot experiments were carried out in a climatic room in three replicates. GK Élet wheat genotype was planted in six, and Mv Emese in other six pots. Two pots were left without plant for evaporation studies. Based on the mass of the soil columns without plant the evaporation from the bare soil surface was calculated in order to distinguish the evaporation and the transpiration with appropriate precision. A complex stress diagnosis system was developed to monitor the water balance elements. ECH2O type capacitive soil moisture probes were installed in each of the pots to perform soil water content measurements four times a day. The irrigation demand was determined according to the hydrolimits, derived from soil hydrophysical properties. In case of both genotypes three plants were provided with the optimum water supply, while the other three ones were drought-stressed. In the undisturbed soil columns, the same wheat genotypes were sawn in one replicate. Similar watering strategy was applied. TDR soil moisture probes were installed in the soil at various depths to monitor changes in soil water content. In order to study the drought stress reaction of the wheat plants, microsensors of 1.6 mm diameter were implanted into the stems and connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for gas analysis. The stress status was indicated in the plants grown on partly non-irrigated soil columns by the lower CO2 level at both genotypes. It was concluded that the developed stress diagnosis system could be used for soil water balance elements calculations. This enables more precise estimation of plant water consumption in order to evaluate the drought sensitivity of different wheat genotypes. Keywords: drought stress, wheat genotypes, gas metabolism, soil water content, stress diagnosis system Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S95-S104 Volume: 3 Issue: SpecialIssue1 Year: 2008 DOI: 10.17221/10/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/10/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200810-0020.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:3:y:2008:i:SpecialIssue1:id:10-2008-SWR