Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eliška KUBÁTOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Use and Improvement, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav JANEČEK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Use and Improvement, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Dominika KOBZOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Use and Improvement, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Time variations of rainfall erosivity factor in the Czech Republic Abstract: The ombrographic data have been selected from 24 meteorological stations of the Czech Hydro Meteorological Institute (CHMI), according to the terms of the Universal Soil Loss Equation for calculating the long term loss of soil through water erosion, erosion hazard rains and their occurrence, with their relative amounts and erosiveness, R-factors determined for each month. By comparing the value of the time division of the R-factor in the area of the Czech Republic and in the selected areas of the USA, it has been demonstrated that this division may be applied in the conditions of the Czech Republic. Keywords: water erosion, rainfall, erosivity factor Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 131-141 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/3/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200904-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:3-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Podhrázská Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jana Uhlířová Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Stanislav Hejduk Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of crop effects on runoff and washout of soil from the surface of agricultural land Abstract: Measurements of the runoff intensity (i.e. its volume and amounts of washed out soil particles) were performed on experimental plots with the slope gradient of 5° within the period of 2004-2008. Experimental plots were covered with different types of crops: crops with wide rows (maize, potatoes), no row crops (cereals) and permanent grasslands (both extensively and intensively managed). The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of individual crops on the reduction of runoff and erosion transport (i.e. washout) of soil from the surface of agricultural land. Data measured on individual experimental plots were compared with control, which was represented by a plot of bare soil. As compared with control, markedly reduced values of both runoff and washout (86 and 99%, respectively) were measured on plots covered with cereals within the study period. In maize stands, the corresponding values were 21 and 11%, respectively. The obtained results may support and contribute to the proposal of organisational soil protection measures and their implementation on agricultural land. In erosion-endangered localities an appropriate selection of individual crops represents an important tool, which can significantly support other protective measures, especially those of technical character. Keywords: water erosion, runoff, precipitations, vegetative cover Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 142-148 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/12/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/12/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200904-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:12-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petra Kubínová Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Drahota Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslav Fišák Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Skřivan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Rohovec Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Meteorological situations in 2007 and their implications for the cycling of selected chemical elements in a Central Bohemian forested catchment Abstract: Comparison of the annual bulk precipitation in the Lesní potok experimental catchment (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) in the hydrological year 2007 (758.8 mm) with the average annual value between the years 1995 and 2006 (737.4 mm) indicates almost similar values, whereas the stream water discharge in 2007 amounts to only 38.2% of the average annual value of the comparable time span. It has been found that the low discharge in 2007 resulted from the extremely temperate winter and from the anomalous distribution of the precipitation events throughout the year. These factors, together with higher pH values of stream water in 2007, reduced the output of elements from the catchment. The output of dissolved Al, Be, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn through the stream water in 2007 is amounted to only 15 to 20% of their annual output in 1995-2006. The unusually low output of the elements distinctly affected their budgets in the catchment changing towards more positive mass balance values. This holds especially for the major base cations Ca, Mg, and Na (e.g. shift from -1460 to -127 mg/m2year for Ca and from -572 to +15 mg/m2year for Mg) and also for the trace elements Be, Mn, Ni, and Sr (e.g. shift from -368 to +144 μg/m2year for Be, from 2820 to 14 300 μg per m2year for Mn, and from 191 to 7 790 μg/m2year for Sr). The meteorological conditions in 2007 induced, to a certain extent, the recovery of the acid-sensitive ecosystem disturbed by a long-term high input of acid precipitation. Keywords: precipitation, forested catchment, elements, mass balances Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 149-158 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/38/2008-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/38/2008-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200904-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:38-2008-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Haberle Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Helena Kusá Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Svoboda Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Klír Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: The changes of soil mineral nitrogen observed on farms between autumn and spring and modelled with a simple leaching equation Abstract: The content of nitrate or mineral nitrogen (Nmin = N-NO-3 + N-NH +4) in soil in autumn is recognized as the indicator of potential risk of N leaching during winter. In this contribution, the apparent changes of Nmin in the 0-60 cm soil layer, during winter, on farm fields in the Czech Republic were calculated. A significant positive relationship between Nmin in autumn and the change during winter was observed in eight out of the nine farms. Nitrate N data produced similar relationships as Nmin. The regression analysis suggested that 40-90% of Nmin above a specific amount, 14-35 kg N/ha (interception of regression line, I1), on farms was apparently lost from the soil zone. Corresponding results for pooled data (n = 187) were 74% and 25 kg N/ha (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The proportion of N leached from the 0-60 cm layer, calculated with a simple leaching equation was significantly correlated (n = 187, r = 0.92, P < 0.001) with observed Nminchange during winter, with the intercept (I2) significantly different from zero (-30.9 kg/ha). When the average value of regression intercept I1 of farms, or of pooled data, were introduced to the leaching equation as a constant correction parameter, the fit was satisfactory (r = 0.93 and 0.92, resp.) and the intercepts (-3.1 kg and -5.4 kg N/ha, resp.) were not significantly different from zero (at P < 0.01). The results of the study support the use of autumn Nmin within the leaching equation as a robust indicator of the risk of N leaching. Keywords: Nmin, nitrate, risk, leaching equation, soil, precipitation, farms Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 159-167 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/7/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/7/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200904-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:7-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ľubica POSPÍŠILOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Naděžda FASUROVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Spectroscopic characteristics of humic acids originated in soils and lignite Abstract: The aim of our work was to characterise the stability, humification degree, and principal classes of fluorophores in humic acids isolated from different matrices. Soil humic acids were isolated from arable soils and grassland that differ in the texture and moisture regimes (e.g. aquic; udic; and ustic moisture regimes). Basic soil characteristics, such as total organic carbon content, humus fractionation, cation exchange capacity, soil reaction, texture, and optical indexes were determined. The international standard method for humic acids (HA) isolation was used. Lignite represents a valuable organic substrate, with mineral inclusion situated on the transformation route from phytomass to a dehydrated, dehydrogenated, and deoxidised carbon type complex and water. One of the most attractive ways of non-energetic exploitation of lignite is humic substances source exploitation. It is known that humic acids isolated from lignite show typical bands known from other HA soil samples due to aromatic and various C-O structures. Spectroscopic characterisation has been a topic of great interest, chemical species being analysed with respect to the overall spectral characteristics of the system. Therefore UV-VIS, FTIR, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) were applied in our study. The elemental composition and ash content in HA samples were determined. HA preparations were more hydrated in hydromorphic soils (Fluvi-Eutric Gleysol and Gleyic Stagnosol). The highest carbon content was found in lignite HA (57.5 weight %). Generally, carbon content was decreasing in the following order: Lignite HA > Haplic Chernozem HA > Fluvi-Eutric Gleysol HA > Haplic Luvisol HA > Gleyic Stagnosol HA > Eutric Cambisol HA. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the aromatic indexes varied from 0.61 to 0.73. HA were divided into two groups according to the aromatic and aliphatic compounds in their molecules. The highest aromatic degree and stability was found in lignite HA and Haplic Chernozem HA. Humic acids isolated from grassland and hydric soils contained more aliphatic and newly formed compounds. Synchronous fluorescence scan spectra identified aliphatic compounds in grassy and hydric soils at lower wave lengths. At higher wave lengths, identical fluorophores were detected. We registered five main peaks at: 467/487, 481/501, 492/512, 450/470, 339/359 (at Δλ = 20 nm). The peaks positions corresponded to the fluorescence behaviour of Elliot soil HA standard. Only lignite HA revealed another fluorescence peak at 492/512 nm. The peaks positions complied with the fluorescence behaviour of Leonardite standard HA. The relationships between the fluorescence indexes, colour indexes, aromatic indexes, humification degree, and elemental composition were evaluated by correlation analysis. Keywords: humic acids, UV-VIS, FTIR and SFS spectroscopy Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 168-175 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/14/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/14/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200904-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:14-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: editors Title: Index of Volume 4 List of Rewiewers Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: X1 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/2508-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2508-SWR.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:4:id:2508-SWR