Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Tesař Author-Name: Ľ. Lichner Author-Name: M. Šír Author-Name: M. Krejča Title: Introduction to Special Issue on Hydrology of a Small Basin Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S1-S5 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/474-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/474-SWR.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:474-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petr MÁCA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources and Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Paul TORFS Author-Workplace-Name: Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Center for Water and Climate, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Title: The influence of temporal rainfall distribution in the flood runoff modelling Abstract: The rainfall input is one of the main factors influencing the magnitude of the runoff response during a flood event. Its temporal and spatial distribution significantly contributes to the formation of hydrograph shape, peak discharge and flood volume. A novel approach to the evaluation of the role of the temporal rainfall pattern of hydrograph is presented in this contribution. The methodology shown is based on the coupling of the deterministic event based runoff model with the stochastic rainfall disaggregation model. The rainfall model simulates the hyetograph ensemble, which is the direct input to the calibrated event based runoff model. The event based runoff model calibration is based on the evaluation of real flood events. The rainfall ensemble is simulated according to the preservation of important statistical properties, which are estimated from the real rainfall data inputs. The proposed combination of two simulation techniques enables to generate the hydrograph ensemble upon a single flood event. The evaluation of the temporal rainfall distribution impact on the flood runoff response is performed through the determination of the selected rainfall runoff characteristics of the simulated hydrograph ensemble. The main result confirms the importance of the rainfall volume inputs and its temporal distribution on the flood runoff generation. The methodology shown enables to evaluate the potential of the real flood event to generate the flood event within the conditions of the small catchment scale. Keywords: flood, hyetograph, ensemble simulation, peak discharge, flood volume Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S102-S110 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/471-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/471-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:471-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Romana KOŠKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Soňa NĚMEČKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Assessment of evapotranspiration simulations in the Malše basin Abstract: The application of the distributed hydrological model brings the benefits of assessment of the spatially distributed quantities which are hard to measure in the field over a larger area, e.g. evapotranspiration. The Malše River basin has been chosen for the evaluation of evapotranspiration simulation by the distributed hydrological model, SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). The primary interest in this analysis was to assess the ability of the hydrological model to simulate the actual evapotranspiration on larger scales and to evaluate its dependence on the landscape characteristics such as the vegetation cover, soil type, and average precipitation amount during the simulation. Annual actual evapotranspiration in each hydrotope was evaluated in the simulation period of 1985-1998. Because of the lack of the data observed (evapotranspiration), the model was calibrated on the discharge time series. The credibility was quantified using Nash Sutcliffe efficiency which was more than 0.7. The main trends of the simulated actual evapotranspiration were evaluated and assessed as satisfactory. The differences in the soil types did not seem significant for the evapotranspiration variation, the monthly average values among soil types differing by ± 10% except histosol. On the other hand the differences in the land-use categories strongly influenced the amount of evapotranspiration (-30; +50%). It appears that the model SWIM overestimates the actual evapotranspiration in the spring and, on the other hand, underestimates that in the autumn according to the comparison with the only data available in the entire Climate Atlas of the Czech Republic. Keywords: hydrologic modelling, evapotranspiration, SWIM model Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S111-S122 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/479-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/479-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:479-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaroslav FIŠÁK Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Valeria STOYANOVA Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Author-Name: Pavel CHALOUPECKÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Daniela ŘEZÁČOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tsenka TSACHEVA Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Author-Name: Temenujka KUPENOVA Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energetics, Sofia, Bulgaria Author-Name: Miko MARINOV Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Title: Soluble and insoluble pollutants in fog and rime water samples Abstract: Fog and rime water samples were collected at the meteorological observatory Milešovka in February and June 2006. In the samples, the soluble and insoluble pollutant concentrations were evaluated separately and the differences between the fog and rime water samples were studied. The comparison of the fog and rime water samples indicates that the mean soluble component concentrations in the air appear to be higher during the rime events than during the fog events at Milešovka. We recorded a larger mean particle size of the insoluble compounds in the fog water samples than in those of rime water. Some elements contained in the insoluble particles like Ca, Cl, C, Cu, Ag, were present largely in fog whole others, like Fe, Al, Si, Ti, prevailed in rime. In addition to the overall evaluation, the backward air trajectories were determined for each fog/rime event and the concentrations are presented as depending on the direction of the air particle transfer. Keywords: fog water, rime water, pollutant concentration Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S123-S130 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/473-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/473-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:473-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katarína NOVÁKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Soil Science and Soil Conservation Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Dušan NÁGEL Author-Workplace-Name: Soil Science and Soil Conservation Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia Title: The influence of irrigation on nitrates movement in soil and risk of subsoil contamination Abstract: This paper presents the results of the nitrates movement monitoring under the conditions of field experiment, with different fertilisation doses applications, with and without irrigation and, for different crops. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station of the Hydromelioracie, State Entp., at Most pri Bratislave site, south Slovakia. The soil at the site is mainly clay loam with a high retention capacity and a relatively low hydraulic conductivity. The results of the nitrates measurements in the soil profile during the vegetation period and those of lysimetric water analysis have shown that the movements of nitrates in irrigated and non-irrigated fields differed significanty during the early stages of the vegetation period, but at the end of this period the differences between the irrigated/non-irrigated and fertilised/non-fertilised soils were small, probably due to an increased uptake of water and nutrients during the vegetation period at the irrigated field. Properly applied irrigation was not the reason for nitrates penetration below the root zone under the soil and meteorological conditions of Most pri Bratislave site. Keywords: nitrates, fertilisation, irrigation, subsurface water, groundwater protection, field experiment Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S131-S136 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/483-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/483-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:483-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vlasta ŠTEKAUEROVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Author-Name: Vladimír MIKULEC Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Title: Variability of saturated hydraulic conductivities in the agriculturallycultivated soils Abstract: The knowledge of the moisture conditions in a variably saturated zone of soil and their management is one of the main possibilities that allow the agronomists to raise significantly the fertility of soils. A progressive scientific method for describing the moisture conditions in a variably saturated zone uses a numerical simulation on a mathematical model. The accuracy of the outputs from the model (i.e. moisture profiles) depends mainly, besides the physical and mathematical structures of the model, on the accuracy of the input data. The upper boundary condition comprises the climate and phenological parameters. The initial condition is represented by the moisture profile at the beginning of the simulation and by the main hydrophysical properties of the soil. One of the main hydrophysical properties of soil is the value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). This study is aimed at the determination of its temporal variability, keeping in mind also its areal one (with respect to the sampling data from various verticals). Several methods exist for the determination of the K values. In this study, a laboratory method with the falling head method (Klabor) was used. The areal-temporal variability of the Klabor values was evaluated for the vegetation period of the year 2003 on the locality Most pri Bratislave. Keywords: saturated hydraulic conductivity, method with falling head method, frequency function, distribution function Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S14-S21 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/477-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/477-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:477-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaromír DUŠEK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Michal DOHNAL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš VOGEL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Numerical analysis of ponded infiltration experiment under different experimental conditions Abstract: One of the most important properties, affecting the flow regime in the soil profile, is the topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The laboratory-determined Ks often fails to characterise properly the respective field value; the Ks lab estimation requires labour intensive sampling and fixing procedures, difficult to follow in highly structured and stony soils. Thus, simple single- or double-ring ponded infiltration experiments are frequently performed in situ to obtain the field scale information required. In the present study, several important factors, affecting the infiltration rate during the infiltration experiments, are analysed using three-dimensional axisymmetric finite-element model S2D. The examined factors include: (1) the diameter of the infiltration ring, (2) the depth of water in the ring, (3) the depth of the ring insertion under the soil surface, (4) the size and the shape of the finite-element mesh near the ring wall, and (5) the double- vs. single-ring setup. The analysis suggests that the depth of the ring insertion significantly influences the infiltration rate. The simulated infiltration rates also exhibit high sensitivity to the shape of the finite-element mesh near the ring wall. The steady-state infiltration rate, even when considering a double-ring experiment, is significantly higher than the topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The change of the water depth in the outer ring has only a small impact on the infiltration rate in the inner ring. Keywords: Keywords: infiltration, single-ring infiltrometer, saturated hydraulic conductivity, depth of insertion, ponding depth, soil hydraulic properties, three-dimensional axisymmetric flow Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S22-S27 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1368-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1368-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:1368-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petr KANTOR Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Establishment and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: František ŠACH Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady, Opočno Research Station, Opočno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Zdeněk KARL Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Establishment and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Vladimír ČERNOHOUS Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady, Opočno Research Station, Opočno, Czech Republic Title: Development of vaporization process from young stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech after snow breakage Abstract: The extreme disturbance of the forest environment in the young experimental spruce stand in the Orlické Hory Mts after the snow breakage disaster in the winter of 2005/2006 became the impulse for the present study. 98% spruce trees were affected, the stand density decreased from 1550 to 950 trees per ha, the needle foliage of the stand was reduced to about 40%, and the stand canopy was markedly disturbed. The investigation consisted of two methodical procedures: the assessment of evapotranspiration of the forest stands (ET) based on continuous measuring of the water content in the root zone of the soil profile, and intermittent measuring of evaporation from the soil surface including the ground vegetation (Es). Comparative investigation was simultaneously done in a young experimental beech stand with minimum disturbance. ET totals (evaporation from the soil surface and ground vegetation Es + transpiration of trees T) were comparable in both stands (200 to 235 mm during the growing season). Until 2006, ET was ± 10% higher in the spruce stand, whereas in 2007, ET was 10% higher in the beech stand. An extremely high increase of the soil surface evaporation (Es) was observed in a gappy spruce stand. Immediately after the disaster, maximum daily totals of evaporation ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 mm in the spring and summer 2006, while in the beechstand they reached half these values. In the following year 2007, with gradual weeds infestation of the stand gaps, whose cover extended to 80% in the summer and autumn, the values of Es in the spruce stand reached up to 3 mm per day, on warm summer days being on the level of the weed-infested clear felled area. In the same days, evaporation in a fully closed beech stand was usually 3 to 4 times lower. The evaporation from the soil surface and ground vegetation evidently substituted the reduced transpiration of the spruce broken canopy, if ET total did not change significantly. Keywords: evapotranspiration, soil evaporation, young forest stand, Norway spruce, snowbreakage, European beech, Orlické hory Mts Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S28-S38 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/478-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/478-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:478-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan PIVEC Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Ecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav BRANT Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Ecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: The actual consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species of plants and the actual values of evapotranspiration of the stands as determined under field conditions Abstract: In the years 2005 to 2008, the consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species under the field conditions and the values of the actual evapotranspiration in selected stands of cultivated crops were evaluated. The values of the transpiration flow were measured with a T4.2 EMS Brno (CZ) 12 channel sap-flow meter, and the actual evapotranspiration by BREB method (Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance) using the equipment of the same firm. The recording of the values obtained during the measurements was carried out in 10-min intervals. The sap flow was measured on the following weed plants Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium arvense, Conyza Canadensis, and Lactuca serriola as weeds in the cultivated crops of Brassica napus and Zea mays. The actual evapotranspiration using the BREB method was determined over the stands of Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa, and Zea mays. On the basis of the measurements carried out, the average daily values of the sap flow of the evaluated plants ranged from 0.016 to 0.193 kg/day of water per plant. The maximum daily values ranged from 0.025 to 0.309 kg/day of water per plant. The average daily value of the evapotranspiration flow in Hordeum vulgare during the period under observation amounted to 2.9 mm, while the daily values ranged from 1.2 to 4.6 mm H2O/day. In the other evaluated plants, the daily values of evapotranspiration ranged from 0.9 mm to 5.9 mm/day of water, on average 3.4 mm/day of water (Beta vulgaris), and from 1.7 mm to 5.2 mm/day of water, on average 3.2 mm/day of water (Brassica napus). Keywords: transpiration, evapotranspiration, Brassica napus, Beta vulgaris, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, weeds, global solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit, sap flow, BREB Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S39-S48 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/476-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/476-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:476-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jakub BROM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: ENKI, Třeboň, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan PROCHÁZKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Alžběta REJŠKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: ENKI, Třeboň, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of functional properties of various types of vegetation cover using remotely sensed data analysis Abstract: The dissipation of solar energy and consequently the formation of the hydrological cycle are largely dependent on the structural and optical characteristics of the land surface. In our study, we selected seven units with different types of vegetation in the Mlýnský and Horský catchments (South-Eastern part of the Šumava Mountains, Czech Republic) for the assessment of the differences in their functioning expressed through the surface temperature, humidity, and energy dissipation. For our analyses, we used Landsat 5 TM satellite data from June 25th, 2008. The results showed that the microclimatic characteristics and energy fluxes varied in different units according to their vegetation characteristics. A cluster analysis of the mean values was used to divide the vegetation units into groups according to their functional characteristics. The mown meadows were characterised by the highest surface temperature and sensible heat flux and the lowest humidity and latent heat flux. On the contrary, the lowest surface temperature and sensible heat flux and the highest humidity and latent heat flux were found in the forest. Our results showed that the climatic and energetic features of the land surface are related to the type of vegetation. We state that the spatial distribution of different vegetation units and the amount of biomass are crucial variables influencing the functioning of the landscape. Keywords: vegetation cover, energy fluxes, surface temperature, wetness index, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), albedo, Landsat TM Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S49-S58 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/480-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/480-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:480-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan BÍBA Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště-Strnady, Czech Republic Author-Name: Zuzana OCEÁNSKÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště-Strnady, Czech Republic Author-Name: Zdeněk VÍCHA Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště-Strnady, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milan JAŘABÁČ Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště-Strnady, Czech Republic Title: Long-term effect of forest renewal on the water regime in the small experimental watershed Červík Abstract: The small, fully forested watershed Červík (CE) is situated in the part of the Beskydy Mts called the Zadní hory Mts Since November 1953, water balance has been measured in this place with the goal to find out experimentally the changes of the outflow sums during and after the intensive renewal of the forest with a partly changed wood species composition. The measured data were statistically evaluated by the method of double mass curve. In 1962, the decision was made to divide the watershed area into two separate parts A and B. The research started there in 1966 after a twelve-year long calibration period without timber cutting. The stands in the sub-watershed CE-A were cut down in three times shorter intervals than it is common and were immediately renewed. In the CE-B part, the stands were not tended in order to observe visible differences in the sums of outflow in comparison with those in the CE-A part. The measured data were analysed by double mass curve and revealed only very small differences while influence of the environment appeared to be more significant. Keywords: forest hydrology, experimental watershed, accelerated forest renewal, long-term hydrological measurement, changes of water balance Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S59-S65 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1367-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1367-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0011.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:1367-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal SNĚHOTA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engeneering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Author-Name: Matej DUBOVEC Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engeneering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Author-Name: Michal DOHNAL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milena CÍSLEROVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engeneering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Title: Retention curves of soil from the liz experimental catchment obtained by three methods Abstract: The retention curves were measured in the soil from the Liz experimental catchment (Šumava). The sand table and pressure extractor methods were used to obtain a 13-point retention curve for undisturbed soil samples taken from 6 depths. The data points of the individual retention curves were fitted in with the analytical expression of and the reference retention curves were calculated for each depth by scaling. For the same soil, the retention curves were estimated by the artificial neural network method by and the use of the empirical Pedotransfer function. The numerical experiment, which represented the infiltration and redistribution processes, was conducted using of all three sets of retention curves. Simulated water storages and pressure fields obtained using two sets of estimated parameters produced similar results, however they did not approximate well the modelling results obtained with the use of the measured reference parameter set. Of the two sets of pedotransfer functions (PTFs), which have been tested in this study, the empirical PTF of showed a slightly better agreement with the measured retention curves. The results give a guideline for the application of the retention curves estimation by the pedotransfer function for the soil from the Liz catchment. Keywords: retention curve, hydraulic properties, numerical experiment, pedotransfer functions, neural networks Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S6-S13 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/482-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/482-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0012.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:482-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří PAVLÁSEK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources and Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jana ŘEDINOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources and Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petra SKALSKÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources and Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of monitoring on Modrava catchments Abstract: In this paper is presented the comparison of the selected hydrometeorological data from two experimental micro-scale catchments Modrava 1 (0.1 km2) and Modrava 2 (0.17 km2) in upper parts of Bohemian Forest. These catchments differ mainly in the vegetation cover - a dead forest with very young trees (Modrava 1) and primary forest clearings with 10 to 15-year old young forest (Modrava 2). For comparison were used the data monitored close to the catchments outlets during the hydrological year 2007. Average hourly rainfall and runoff data were analysed. During the winter season, snow water equivalents were measured and the maximum value was added to the rainfall amount measured during the vegetation season for the estimation of total year precipitation on each catchment. The data of the air temperature and water conductivity measured in hourly time intervals were also compared. For the estimation of differences between the monitored data sets the cumulative values of the characteristics observed during whole year were computed. It follows from the comparison of the time series that the time rainfall distribution was similar during the year on both catchments with a higher total year precipitation and hour intensities on the catchment Modrava 2. The time distribution and total runoff depth were similar on both catchments. On Modrava 1 a faster recession of hydrographs could be seen which might relate to a lower retention capacity. The value of the water conductivity on the catchment Modrava 1 depended more on the changes of the runoff depth. The maximal values occurred during the peak discharges or in time of hydrographs rising. This fact can be the result of a lower stability of the soil profile in the catchment with dead forest cover. Keywords: experimental watersheds, hydrological monitoring, hydrological balance Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S66-S74 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/475-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/475-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0013.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:475-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan PROCHÁZKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jakub BROM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: ENKI, o.p.s., Třeboň, Czech Republic Author-Name: Libor PECHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: ENKI, o.p.s., Třeboň, Czech Republic Title: The comparison of water and matter flows in three small catchments in the Šumava Mountains Abstract: The comparisons of water and matter flows have been evaluated in three small catchments with different land uses in the Šumava Mountains in the south-west of the Czech Republic since 1999. The catchment of the Mlýnský stream was artificially drained, the areas of the catchment retaining the character of drained, semi‑intensive pasture. The catchment of the Horský stream is covered with forest, mowed meadows, and locations with natural succession (wetlands). The catchment of the Bukový stream is covered with forest, mostly with spruce monoculture. The highest amount of water was discharged from the drained Mlýnský catchment whereas the amounts of water discharged from the Horský and Bukový catchments were lower. The runoff maxima in the hydrologic year of 2002 were recorded in the Mlýnský stream catchment in August - at the time of the catastrophic floods. On the other hand, the maximum discharges in the Horský and Bukový stream catchments in August 2002 were comparable with those that occurred in the spring during the snow melt. In comparison, the water chemistry showed relationships between trends and features and the results of water runoff. The comparison of the runoff and matter flows in the catchments studied confirmed the influence of the land cover and management in both normal and extreme rainfall-runoff conditions. Keywords: water cycle, runoff, water chemistry, matter discharge, vegetation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S75-S82 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/481-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/481-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0014.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:481-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin ŠANDA Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Alena KULASOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Milena CÍSLEROVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Hydrological processes in the subsurface investigated by water isotopes and silica Abstract: The hillslope rainfall-outflow interactions, groundwater fluxes, and hydrological balance were examined in the small mountainous headwater catchment Uhlířská, the Jizera Mountains, the Czech Republic. The hillslope soil profile is formed by paleozoic crystalline bedrock overlaid by shallow highly permeable shallow Cambisol, and by thick saturated glacial deposits in the valley, overlaid by Histosol. A quick communication of the vadose zone with the granitic bedrock via preferential subsurface flowpaths is hypothesised, in agreement with the observation of storm-caused instant water transformation to outflow through the permeable Cambisol. A quick response of a high magnitude outflow occurs regularly, although the surface runoff is very rare. Standard climatic and hydrological monitoring in the Uhlířská catchment is supplemented by the measurements of the soil moisture, soil pore water suction, subsurface hillslope stormflow in the vadose zone, and water table fluctuation in the saturated subsurface, and is accompanied by water sampling for the analyses of the contents of the isotope 18O and 2H and geochemical tracer silica in the form of SiO2. The episode based isotopic data serve for the separation of the outflow hydrograph to determine the contributions of the event and pre-event water in the hypodermic hillslope outflow and in the catchment outflow. The variation of silica content in the water cycle components was examined to assess the contributions from the soil profile and the aquifer. Up to 75% of the event catchment runoff was assigned to pre-event water, of which about 50% had been stored in the shallow soil subsurface on the hillslopes. The hypothesis was confirmed that the hillslope soil layers control the distribution of the flow into the groundwater recharge and/or the shallow subsurface flow during the rainfallrunoff episode. Keywords: rainfall to runoff response, isotopes, geochemical tracers, streamflow generation, subsurface stormflow, groundwater recharge Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S83-S92 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/472-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/472-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0015.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:472-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Josef BUCHTELE Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav TESAŘ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrodynamics of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel KRÁM Author-Workplace-Name: Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Variability of water regime in the forested experimental catchments Abstract: The water regime variability in most catchments is frequently influenced not only by the changes of the vegetation cover in the annual cycle but also by its development in the time span of decades. That means that the resulting evapotranspiration depends not only on the actual climatic situation but also on the soil moisture. The simulations of the rainfall-runoff process have been used with the intention to follow the possible role of the developing land cover. The differences between the observed and simulated flows in relatively long periods can be considered as an appropriate tool for the assessment of the water regime changes, in which the evapotranspiration demand variability is a significant phenomenon. Keywords: vegetation change, land use, rainfall-runoff simulation, evapotranspiration demand Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: S93-S101 Volume: 4 Issue: SpecialIssue2 Year: 2009 DOI: 10.17221/1366-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/1366-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-200910-0016.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:4:y:2009:i:SpecialIssue2:id:1366-SWR