Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimíra JELÍNKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Research centre Jülich, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere (ICG), Jülich, Germany Author-Name: Milena CÍSLEROVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Andreas POHLMEIER Author-Workplace-Name: Research centre Jülich, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere (ICG), Jülich, Germany Author-Name: Dagmar van DUSSCHOTEN Author-Workplace-Name: Research centre Jülich, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere (ICG), Jülich, Germany Title: Tracer experiments within composite soil column investigated by MRI Abstract: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was used for the visualisation and interpretation of flow paths. A set of tracer-infiltration experiments was performed on soil columns filled with packed homogeneous sand and with a composite sand-soil system. The flow paths were visualised using a tracer-solution containing Ni(NO3)2 which is characterised by relaxation times different from that of the infiltrating water. The tracer pulse was added under hydraulic steady state conditions. Small disturbances in the tracer front were observed during the breakthrough in the case of a homogeneous sample. More pronounced effects were seen with the composite sample. The vertical components of the velocity fields were evaluated for the experiments presented. The irregularities in the tracer front and in the velocity fields were in this case attributed to the preferential flow phenomena in combination with air bubble entrapment. Beside that, two consecutive tracer pulses were performed with the aim of testing the potential influence of the different solute concentrations on the adsorption power. Both concentrations had negligible impacts on the acquired image. The presented results are constrained by the limits of the described technology; further investigations are being carried out using more advanced equipment. I Keywords: Cambisol, infiltration, laboratory experiments, magnetic resonance imaging, porous medium, preferential flow, sand, soil samples, tracer, velocity field Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 39-48 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/4/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/4/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201002-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:5:y:2010:i:2:id:4-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucie BŘEZKOVÁ Author-Workplace-Name: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloš STARÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr DOLEŽAL Author-Workplace-Name: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic Title: The real-time stochastic flow forecast Abstract: In the Czech Republic, deterministic flow forecasts with the lead time of 48 hours, calculated by rainfall-runoff models for basins of a size of several hundreds to thousands square kilometers, are nowadays a common part of the operational hydrological service. The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) issues daily the discharge forecast for more than one hundred river profiles. However, the causal rainfall is a random process more than a deterministic one, therefore the deterministic discharge forecast based on one precipitation prediction is a significant simplification of the reality. Since important decisions must be done during the floods, it is necessary to take into account the indeterminity of the input meteorological data and to express the uncertainty of the resulting discharge forecast. In the paper, a solution of this problem is proposed. The time series of the input precipitation prediction data have been generated repeatedly (by the Monte Carlo method) and, subsequently, the set of discharge forecasts based on the repeated hydrological model simulations has been obtained and statistically evaluated. The resulting output can be, for example, the range of predicted peak discharges, the peak discharge exceeding curve or the outflow volume exceeding curve. The properties of the proposed generator have been tested with acceptable results on several flood events which occurred over the last years in the upper part of the Dyje catchment (Podhradí closing profile). The rainfall-runoff model HYDROG, which has been in operation in CHMI since 2003, was used for hydrological simulation. Keywords: discharge forecast, flow, hydrological model, Monte Carlo, operative hydrological forecast, rainfall-runoff model, stochastic Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 49-57 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/13/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/13/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201002-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:5:y:2010:i:2:id:13-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav KUŽEL Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ladislav KOLÁŘ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří GERGEL Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří PETERKA Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jana BOROVÁ-BATT Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Title: Influence of the degree of soil organic matter lability on the calcium carbonate equilibrium of soil water Abstract: : In average samples of three sandy-loamy acid Cambisols from a South Bohemian area labile organic matters were determined by the permangate method modified by the dichromate method, and the rate constant of their biochemical oxidation was determined in hot water extracts of the samples. The need of liming was determined by means of 2 methods. In soil solutions of these samples, all values necessary to evaluate their calcium carbonate equilibriums were determined. The soil samples were enriched with 3% of dry matter of two organic materials, farmyard manure and meadow clover meal, and were incubated at 25°C for 180 days under wetting above 50% of their retention water capacity, and after this procedure all analyses were repeated. Both methods were found to increase the need of liming in all three soils: the more labile the organic matter in 3% addition, the higher the need. The meadow clover matter was more labile than the farmyard manure matter. All three methods for the study of soil carbon lability yielded similar results while the potassium permanganate method was more sensitive than the dichromate one. Increases were observed in equilibrium [Cr(H2CO3* )] and in Langelier saturation index Is. This means that soil liming cannot be considered only as an adjustment to the soil acidity and supply of calcium to plants to meet their requirements, but also as a replacement of the spontaneous adjustment to calcium carbonate equilibrium of soil water, for which through mineralisation of labile organic matters in conditions of our experiment about 220 kg CaCO3 per hectare of land were consumed on condition that it was not necessary to re-establish it. The process of Ca-compound consumption to establish the calcium carbonate equilibrium is controlled exclusively by the degree of mineralising organic matters lability while the influence of soil properties is only marginal. The same results were provided by the comparison of calcium carbonate equilibriums in nine Šumava brooks of the total watershed area 78 564 km2 with the degree of lability of organic matters in their sediments in 1986, 2001 and 2004. A reduction in the intensity of agricultural production in 1986-2004 resulted in an increase in the stability of organic matters in the sediments, in a decrease in Is, and in a lower corrosivity of brooks water towards CaCO3. However, the quality of soils and their potential soil fertility decreased due to the loss of labile organic matters. Keywords: calcium carbonate equilibrium, degree of lability, liming need, soil organic matter, soil water Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 58-68 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/18/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/18/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201002-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:5:y:2010:i:2:id:18-2009-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek BATYSTA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Luboš BORŮVKA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ondřej DRÁBEK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav TEJNECKÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ondřej ŠEBEK Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratories of the Geological Institute, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Laboratory assay of aluminium transport through intact soil sample under controlled conditions Abstract: Aluminium (Al) mobilisation in the forest soils is a serious problem due to the soil acidification. The rate and magnitude of leaching of Al and other elements and compounds from soils can be examined by means of percolation experiments. Aluminium elutriation was studied under laboratory conditions using undisturbed samples of forest topsoil from the Paličník area in the Jizera Mountains (Czech Republic), which originated under two different vegetation covers: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). Ponding infiltration was performed using three subsequently applied solutions. KCl solution was used to simulate the soil solution. Solutions with sulphates and nitrates addition (of two different pH values) were used to simulate acid rainfall. Passing liquid phase was analysed with respect to Al content and aluminium speciation. Differences were found in Al content and transport between different soils under spruce and beech covers. The soil sample under the spruce forest (SF sample) had a higher initial Al content than the soil sample under the beech forest (BF sample). As a result, the aluminium leaching from the spruce soil sample and the final content of water-extractable Al in the soil (Al content after the leaching experiment) were higher compared to the beech soil sample. This suggests that Al mobility and potential toxicity in the beech forest are grater than those in the spruce monoculture when studied in the acidification endangered areas. Keywords: aluminium transport, forest soils, forest type, percolation experiment, soil acidification Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 69-74 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Year: 2010 DOI: 10.17221/38/2009-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/38/2009-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201002-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:5:y:2010:i:2:id:38-2009-SWR