Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name:  editors
Title: INDEX OF VOLUME 9
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: I
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/7706-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/7706-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:9:y:2014:i:4:id:7706-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pavel KOVÁŘ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences and
Author-Name: Martin PELIKÁN
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Darina HEŘMANOVSKÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences and
Author-Name: Ivan VRANA
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: How to reach a compromise solution on technical and non-structural flood control measures
Abstract: Harmful impacts of floods are the result of an interaction between extreme hydrological events and environmental, social, and economic processes. Flood management should consider many diverse aspects and influences and an integrated approach to flood management therefore plays an important role. In order to make an analysis and provide an adequate flood management, it is necessary to bring together a team comprising experts e.g. from the fields of hydrology and water resources, nature protection, risk management, human security, municipal administration, economics, and land use. Estimates by experts can serve finding solutions to given YES/NO problems, and estimating the value of specific attributes or parameters. It is not easy to adopt the solution which represents the best possible agreement among the participating experts, since experts and other participants can represent diverse standpoints. In particular, landowners and leaseholders upstream a catchment are often in a different position than the members of the municipal flood control committee downstream in a city with a high inhabitancy. In order to measure and evaluate the level of agreement between experts and landowners, a newly developed method for assessing the level of agreement and the τ-agreement value was applied. The aim of the present paper is to illustrate the use of a fuzzy-group-agreement decision-making procedure of this kind, involving a broad range of standpoints in a case study of the Zdravá Voda catchment, Žarošice, Czech Republic. This illustration has been made by comparison of hydrological model scenarios with the experts' decision. The method used in the paper applied towards aggregating expert proposals expressed as fuzzy quantities to propose a binary solution to estimate a decisive parameter numerical value. The decision achieved for the Zdravá Voda catchment was that the efficiency of structural measures (polder) was superior over the non-structural measures (replacement of the arable land by grassland).
Keywords: agreement, averaging operator, consensus, environmental decision making, flood risk management, fuzzy uncertainty, multi-aspect decision
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 143-152
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/27/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/27/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna ŽIGOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Martin ŠŤASTNÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Pedogenesis on volcanic rocks in protected landscape areas in Central and North Bohemia
Abstract: The development of soil cover on volcanic rocks in Central and North Bohemia was analyzed. The study was performed in the protected landscape areas on basalt, andesite, and dolerite. Parent material was characterized on the basis of thin-section study. Petrography of the parent material makes it possible to document the differences in the texture, character, and amount of rock-forming minerals. All the studied sequences exhibit the same configuration of soil profiles but various thicknesses. The soil profiles were evaluated on the basis of particle size distribution, chemical properties, soil organic matter parameters, and mineral composition of clay fraction. The major specific pedogenic process in soils developed on volcanic rocks is weathering of parent material and development of the Bw horizon with the formation of mainly smectite from the group of swelling clay minerals. The results revealed differences in the formation of the Bw horizon which is significantly affected by the petrography of the parent material and local geological conditions. According to the type of volcanic rocks, the intensity of the developmental process of the Bw horizon is as follows: andesite (Týřovické skály) > dolerite (Záhrabská) > basalt (Březina).
Keywords: andesite, basalt, Bw horizon, dolerite, mineral compostion, main pedogenic process
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 153-160
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/23/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/23/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kamila BÁŤKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Svatopluk MATULA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Markéta MIHÁLIKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Ayele Teressa CHALA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: João Manuel MOREIRA BARRADAS
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Getu Bekere MEKONNEN
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agrobiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Testing of activated carbon for water and non-volatile LNAPL quantitative determination in porous media under laboratory conditions
Abstract: Activated carbon is a highly porous form of carbon, which has an exceptionally large surface area. Activated carbon material has been artificially processed as a set of plates, within which two different types of pores are present: micropores (< 2 nm) and transport pores (macropores > 50 nm and mesopores 2-50 nm). The transport pores bring molecules of different substances (organic compounds) into the micropores, which are basically the active centres where the adsorption takes place. Activated carbon, due to its high adsorption potential, is used in many applications such as air, water, wastewater or chemical purification. In this study, the pelletized activated carbon (Silcarbon SC40) was tested for water and non-volatile LNAPL (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid; medicinal mineral oil used in this study) determination in a porous medium (silica sand). The experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. Three different sets of experiments were carried out: (i) the water or LNAPL adsorption from pure media (water or LNAPL liquids); (ii) the water or LNAPL adsorption from pure media (water or LNAPL vapours); (iii) water and/or LNAPL adsorption from the porous material at different sampling intervals. Furthermore, the water/LNAPL contents of the porous media were determined on the basis of the water/LNAPL contents of sampled Silcarbon SC40. The results confirmed the suitability of the Silcarbon SC40 for water/LNAPL sampling from the porous media under laboratory conditions. The method is suitable for detection of water and/or LNAPL in a liquid or gaseous phase and also for water and/or LNAPL quantitative determination. For the quantitative determination a calibration of this method would be required.
Keywords: activated carbon, LNAPL, silica sand, Silcarbon SC40, sampling interval
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 161-168
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/124/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/124/2014-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:9:y:2014:i:4:id:124-2014-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna LAMAČOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jakub HRUŠKA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Pavel KRÁM
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Evžen STUCHLÍK
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Aleš FARDA
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Tomáš CHUMAN
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Daniela FOTTOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Runoff trends analysis and future projections of hydrological patterns in small forested catchments
Abstract: The aims of the present study were (i) to evaluate trends in runoff from small forested catchments of the GEOMON (GEOchemical MONitoring) network during the period 1994-2011, and (ii) to estimate the impact of anticipated climate change projected by ALADIN-Climate/CZ regional climate model coupled to ARPEGE-Climate global circulation model and forced with IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario on flow patterns in the periods 2021-2050 and 2071-2100. There were no general patterns found indicating either significant increases or decreases in runoff on either seasonal or annual levels across the investigated catchments within 1994-2011. Annual runoff is projected to decrease by 15% (2021-2050) and 35% (2071-2100) with a significant decrease in summer months and a slight increase in winter months as a result of expected climate change as simulated by the selected climate model.
Keywords: climate change, flow pattern, headwater catchments, hydrological modelling
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 169-181
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/110/2013-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/110/2013-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:9:y:2014:i:4:id:110-2013-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrzej WALEGA
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment Engineering and Geodesy, University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland
Author-Name: Boguslaw MICHALEC
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment Engineering and Geodesy, University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland
Title: Characteristics of extreme heavy precipitation events occurring in the area of Cracow (Poland)
Abstract: The variability of extremely heavy precipitation events with duration of 120 min occurring in the area of Cracow, southern Poland was assessed. The analysis was performed using time series of maximum annual precipitation events with durations t = 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, recorded at the Botanical Garden station at the Jagiellonian University in the period of 1906-1990. The periodicity of precipitation was analyzed using the autocorrelation function and Fourier spectral density analysis. The Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) was calculated by Hershfield's statistical method. The analysis of the autocorrelation function of sequences and the Fourier spectral density revealed a clear periodicity of the maximum precipitation. For precipitation with t = 60 min, the maximum values occur every 9 years, but also shorter periods (3-year) may be observed. The PMP values calculated for Cracow differ significantly from the values calculated using the probability distribution, as well as from the ones observed and they increase with increasing precipitation duration. The differences between the PMP and probable as well as observed precipitation tend to decrease with increasing duration of precipitation.
Keywords: autocorrelation, Hershfield's statistical method, probability distribution, probable maximum precipitation, spectral analysis
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 182-191
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/99/2013-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/99/2013-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:9:y:2014:i:4:id:99-2013-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ondřej HOLUBÍK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Vilém PODRÁZSKÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jan VOPRAVIL
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Tomáš KHEL
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jiří REMEŠ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Effect of agricultural lands afforestation and tree species composition on the soil reaction, total organic carbon and nitrogen content in the uppermost mineral soil profile
Abstract: Forests occupy one third of the world's land area and govern carbon (C) transfers and influence nitrogen (N) content in the biosphere. Afforestation leads to soil changes of specific dynamics, often accompanied by acidification. Especially at higher altitudes this effect is accelerated and increased with the stand age since forestation. The change in soil C and N content following afforestation is controlled by a number of factors, including: previous land use (grasslands, cropland, etc.), tree species, soil cultivation method, soil properties (clay content, pH), stand age, site management, topography, and climate. In the Czech Republic, large area changes in land use took place in the last centuries - forests covering roughly 20% in the 18th century currently occupy almost 34%, with still increasing tendencies. This paper compares basic soil properties (soil reaction, total soil organic carbon as well as total nitrogen contents) of the agricultural land and land afforested 40-60 years ago. The results confirmed the key role of afforestation in the change of soil organic matter dynamics after establishing new forests on the former agricultural lands in the uppermost mineral soil part of the Orlické hory Mts. region in the Czech Republic. During that time, comparatively substantial changes in soil organic matter and nitrogen were registered. Afforestation considerably increased organic matter content in the studied A-horizons of different land use types. Soil development resulted in a high production of C and N pools under the forest stands, contrary to agricultural land. In general, afforestation caused significant soil acidification. The common tendency of higher acidity of forest soils compared to agricultural ones was documented in the studied case as well. The general tendencies of soil reaction and soil organic matter dynamics at the studied sites are comparable to those in other regions of the Czech Republic.
Keywords: acidification, afforestation, carbon, nitrogen, soil reaction
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 192-200
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/104/2013-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/104/2013-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pavel Samec
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Forest Management Institute Brandýs nad Labem, Brandýs nad Labem, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Aleš Kučera
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Pavel Tuček
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Title: Fluctuations in the properties of forest soils in the Central European highlands (Czech Republic)
Abstract: Fluctuations in forest soil properties were described using a time series analysis of the clay content, the chemical (CaO, MgO, Corg, and Ntot) and physicochemical (pH and base saturation (BS)) soil parameters from 1953 to 2008. The analysis involved the dominant acidic, nutrient-rich, and waterlogged forest ecosystems on the territory of the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians (Czech Republic). Trends in the development of the time series of soil properties were optimized by Gauss-Newton's transformation of the exponential combination of the cyclometric function and Euler's number. Identical functions of regression equations on the fluctuations of nutrients, pH, BS, and Corg indicated parallel trends of soil development in different forest ecosystems. Equations representing identical, predictable patterns in Corg fluctuation indicated the stability of the trend. Differences in temporal patterns of nutrients, pH, and BS in different forest ecosystems indicated the susceptibility of developmental trends to external factors. Different regression equations of fluctuations of soil clay and Ntot indicated the occurrence of permanent differences during the soil development. During the period of 1953-2008, soil pH, BS, and CaO concentration decreased but the content of Corg and Ntot increased. Regression functions indicate that pH and BS of forest soils in the Czech Republic have temporarily increased and the content of Corg and Ntot have decreased during the period 2009-2014. Continuous increase in BS is only sustainable if concurrent with an increase in Corg.
Keywords: acidification, cyclometric functions, forest ecosystem, soil chemistry, time-series
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 201-213
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/68/2013-SWR
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaroslava JANKŮ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Recources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Dagmar KUČEROVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Recources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jakub HOUŠKA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Recources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Josef KOZÁK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Recources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Adéla RUBEŠOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Recources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: The evaluation of degraded land by application of the contingent method
Abstract: Industrial activities in the Czech Republic have brought into existence many degraded and contaminated sites. Such areas are not suitable for farming, building or recreation purposes. The necessary reclamation is typically very expansive. In this study, the contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to estimate the public's willingness to pay for soil reclamation, and also to find out the desire of habitants to live in a good environment with respect to soil quality, and generally to improve the publics awarness of soil protection. This study can help to improve understanding of the local public willingness to pay for reclamation of degradated land protection and can provide useful information for an effective land protection programme. The study was carried out on the locality of Březové Hory - a part of the old mining town Příbram. The chosen locality was used for the placement and storage of residual material after mining, but also includes different soils, which have been transported here as useless material. After the reclamation of a part of the locality, a forest park has been established. A random questionnaire survey was conducted with local resident and as well as holiday makers. The results of the survey indicated that protection of cultivated land was important to the local public. The mean willingness to contribute to reclamation of degraded and contaminated lands in Březové Hory was expressed as the following amount of money: 36.64 CZK (1.4 €) per habitant. The findings calculated suggested that the costs of reclamation of landfill soils on Březové Hory totaled 1528 CZK/m2. The results of the survey also showed that the willingness to pay increased according to the dependence on income, the gender and also residential address of respondents. The results have not confirmed the dependence on education. In order to increase the hypothetical willingness to pay, an increase of public awareness of soil degradation and harmful effects on the environment is necessary. Furthermore, it was shown that the market valuation of land can not be used for soil protection purposes.
Keywords: contingent valuation method (CVM), land evaluation, land protection, land reclamation, public awareness of soil protection, willingness to pay
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 214-223
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/227/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/227/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saloome SEPEHRI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Author-Name: Manoucher HEIDARPOUR
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Author-Name: Jahangir ABEDI-KOUPAI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Title: Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using natural zeolite-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles
Abstract: A report on the synthesis and characterization of nanoscale zero-valent iron in the presence of natural zeolite as a stabilizer is presented. This novel adsorbent (Ze-nZVI) was synthesized by the sodium borohydride reduction method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the stabilized nZVI particles were uniformly dispersed across the zeolite surface without obvious aggregation. The synthesized Ze-nZVI material was then tested for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution. The effect of various parameters on the removal process, such as initial concentration of nitrate, contact time, initial pH, and Ze-nZVI dosage, was studied. Batch experiments revealed that the supported nZVI materials generally have great flexibility and high activity for nitrate removal from aqueous solution. The nitrogen mass balance calculation showed that ammonium was the major product of nitrate reduction by Ze-nZVI (more than 84% of the nitrate reduced); subsequently the natural zeolite in Ze-nZVI removed it completely via adsorption. The kinetic experiments indicated that the removal of nitrate followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The removal efficiency for nitrate decreased continuously with an increase in the initial solution pH value and Ze-nZVI dosage but increased with the increase in the initial concentration of nitrate. The overall results indicated the potential efficacy of Ze-nZVI for environmental remediation application.
Keywords: chemical reduction, kinetic modelling, nanoscale zero-valent iron particles, natural zeolite, nitrate, sorption isotherm
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 224-232
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Year: 2014
DOI: 10.17221/11/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/11/2014-SWR.html
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