Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lenka PAVLŮ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Ondřej DRÁBEK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Luboš BORŮVKA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Antonín NIKODEM
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Karel NĚMEČEK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Degradation of forest soils in the vicinity of an industrial zone
Abstract: Forest soils near industrial zones can be endangered by acid deposition and by dust deposition containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Soils of the study area are acidified and the surface enrichment with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn reflects anthropogenic contamination. Two forms of all PTEs were evaluated: potentially mobilized (2M nitric acid extraction) and mobile (0.01M CaCl2 extraction) - the most toxic form. Negligible amounts of Cu and Pb were found in the mobile form. Pb mobilization is decreased by co-emitted bases and Cu mobilization is mainly controlled by soil reaction. These elements represent just a potential risk for the ecosystem. The mobile forms of Cd, Zn, and Mn account for approximately 30% of potentially mobilized forms in organic horizons. These elements could pose a problem to ecosystem vitality. Cd is toxic at small concentration and its content in mobilized form approaches the critical load. Cd can be considered the most dangerous element in the study area. Zn concentration is not reaching the limit value. Mobilization of Zn and Pb is mainly controlled by Ca and Mg content. The highest concentrations of Mn were found in the mineral horizons. It predicates a geogenic origin. The lowest percentage of the mobile form is in mineral horizon and its mobilization is controlled mainly by pH. Based on these results, a direct damage of forest by PTE contamination in the Silesian Beskids can be excluded. Lower contamination level along with acid condition and P deficiency could act as a permanent stress factor. Stressed forest is more predisposed e.g. to frost or insect damage.
Keywords: acidification, contamination, toxic elements
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 65-73
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/220/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/220/2014-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:10:y:2015:i:2:id:220-2014-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Radim VAŠÁT
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Radka KODEŠOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Aleš KLEMENT
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Ondřej JAKŠÍK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Predicting oxidizable carbon content via visible- and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in soils heavily affected by water erosion
Abstract: Soil spectroscopy represents a low-cost alternative to routine time-consuming and expensive laboratory analyses. Its ability to measure a wide range of different chemical and physical soil properties was shown previously in many studies. Particularly, for organic carbon content, a reliable prediction accuracy is usually achieved. This is due to strong spectral signature of soil organic carbon and other distinct spectral implications of soil characteristics strongly tied to it, e.g. soil colour. All the known studies, however, deal with situation where the study area is fully covered (either in the manner of design- or model-based sampling approach) with calibration points. But in many cases the sampling strategy was initially designed for other purposes, falling outside requirements of spectroscopy for proper model calibration. Hence, here we attempt to test the ability of soil spectroscopy in the situation when only a minor isolated part (the steepest one) of the study area was sampled for calibration points, and predictions were made for its several time larger surroundings. For model training we used Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) technique and four different spectra pre-treatment methods (Savitzky-Golay smoothing, first and second derivative, and baseline normalization via continuum removal). Results show high potential (R2 ≍ 0.70-0.80) of the method for rough terrain landscapes strongly affected by water erosion, even if the distance from calibration to prediction points is large.
Keywords: Partial Least Squares Regression, spectra pre-treatment, soil assessment
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 74-77
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/18/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/18/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:10:y:2015:i:2:id:18-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia KOŘENKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials and
Author-Name: Ivan ŠIMKOVIC
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: Pavel DLAPA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: Bohdan JURÁNI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Author-Name: Peter MATÚŠ
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials and
Title: Identifying the origin of soil water repellency at regional level using multiple soil characteristics: The White Carpathians and Myjavska pahorkatina Upland case study
Abstract: This paper evaluates the relationship between water repellency and multiple characteristics of topsoil samples belonging to seven Reference Soil Groups, taken from the area of the White Carpathians and the Myjavska pahorkatina Upland. In order to quantify water repellency, the Water Drop Penetration Time test and the Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet test were performed on 210 soil samples. The water repellency data were confronted with a number of categorical and numerical soil variables. It was observed that the particular land-use type and the nature of soil parent material, both are related towards detected water repellency of soil samples. All samples taken from the agricultural (tilled) and grassland soils were wettable. On the contrary, all samples which exhibited water repellency, belonged to the group of forest soils, although, not all forest soils were water repellent. Samples which showed considerable repellency were soils developed either on consolidated sedimentary rocks (sandstones, limestone-dolomitic rocks, flysch) or unconsolidated sediments of aeolic or polygenetic origin. On the other hand, the great majority of soils developed on recent alluvial deposits were clearly wettable. Correlation and regression analyses showed that susceptibility of forest topsoil to exhibit water repellency generally increases with increasing sand and organic carbon contents, and with a simultaneous decrease of soil pH value. An interesting observation came out regarding CaCO3 and water repellency relation. Although certain soils with higher CaCO3 exhibited water repellency (Rendzic Leptosols and Cambisols), all soils that developed on loose sediments and contained CaCO3 were wettable.
Keywords: land-use, molarity of an ethanol droplet (MED), soil organic carbon, soil reaction, water drop penetration time (WDPT), water repellency
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 78-89
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/28/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/28/2014-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:10:y:2015:i:2:id:28-2014-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ali BAGHERZADEH
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University - Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
Author-Name: Parisa PAYMARD
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University - Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
Title: Assessment of land capability for different irrigation systems by parametric and fuzzy approaches in the Mashhad Plain, northeast Iran
Abstract: Water quality and quantity in agricultural systems of arid and semi- arid regions of the world are of great importance. In this regard the trend to pressurized irrigation systems compared to surface irrigation, elevating water use efficiency, has drastically increased in the agriculture sector. The present study aimed to assess land capability for different types of irrigation systems including surface, drip, and sprinkler practices by parametric and fuzzy approaches to evaluate the capability of cultivated lands on 6131 km2 of the Mashhad Plain, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran. In this regard land qualities (drainage and slope), soil physical and chemical properties (texture, depth, salinity, drainage, calcium carbonate and gypsum percentage) and climate conditions (wind velocity) were evaluated by using the Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on parametric approach, some 1116.5 ha of the study area were classified as highly suitable (S1 class) for surface irrigation, while the corresponding values by fuzzy approach accounted for 6099.7 ha of the region. The moderately suitable class of S2, assessed by parametric and fuzzy approaches, included 5014.5 and 31.3 ha of the plain, respectively. It was revealed that the land capability indices were in higher classes (S1 to S2) by drip and sprinkler irrigation compared to the surface irrigation system and the soil texture was detected as the most limiting factor for using the surface irrigation system. With respect to current soil and climate conditions in the study area, the most efficient irrigation systems are drip and sprinkler practices.
Keywords: drip, fuzzy approach, GIS, irrigation, land capability, parametric, sprinkler, surface
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 90-98
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/139/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/139/2014-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:10:y:2015:i:2:id:139-2014-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meysam ABEDINPOUR
Author-Workplace-Name: Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar, Iran
Title: Evaluation of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients of maize using weighing lysimeter
Abstract: Weighing lysimeters are used to measure crop evapotranspiration (ETC) during the growing season. A ratio of crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determines a crop coefficient (Kc) value, which is related to a specific crop growth development stage. Determination of Kc is important for estimating crop irrigation requirements using meteorological data from weather stations. The research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and compare them to existing FAO Kc values by investigating water use of maize (Zea mays L.) at the Water Technology Center Research Field in the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India in 2010. Three lysimeters, weighing about 3.5 t, contained undisturbed 1.5 m deep soil monoliths. Accumulated seasonal crop water use was about 411 mm and the Kc values determined for maize during the growing season varied from 0.53 to 1.21. The calculated and measured evapotranspiration values were compared to assess the performance of the crop coefficient. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR), the root mean square error (RMSE) itself, and the coefficient of determination (R2) values indicated that the Kc performed 'Good' in estimating the seasonal evapotranspiration of maize. However, with respect to particular growth stages, the agreement between the calculated and measured values varied from 'Satisfactory' to 'Very Good'. The Kc values for the initial, crop development, mid-season, and late stages were 0.40-0.60, 0.70-0.80, 1.1-1.21, and 0.50-0.65, respectively, while the values reported for maize by FAO are 0.3, 1.2, 0.3-0.6 for the initial, mid-season and late stage, respectively. The measured Kc values were different up to some extent from the FAO reported values; the cause might be that FAO Kc values are generalized ones and recommended for a wide range of climatic conditions. Other causes might be that different maize varieties have different crop water use and evapotranspiration patterns. So, determination of Kc for crops in different regions and climates is important to improve irrigation water management.
Keywords: crop coefficient, evapotranspiration, maize, weighing lysimeter
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 99-104
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/63/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/63/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana PODHRÁZSKÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Josef KUČERA
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Petr KARÁSEK
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Jana KONEČNÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Land degradation by erosion and its economic consequences for the region of South Moravia (Czech Republic)
Abstract: The quality of agricultural land fund in the Czech Republic is assessed via a valuation system based on the ecological-productive land evaluation. This system was established in the 1960-1980s after a complex survey of agricultural land. It provided integral information on the agricultural land quality and on the price of agricultural land parcels derived from their productive capacity. Starting from the 1990s, evidence in the database of Evaluated Soil-Ecological Units (ESEU) has been regularly updated. Intensive cultivation of wide-spaced crops, namely in extended, largely sloped land parcels, has resulted in degradation of land characteristics by the effects of erosion. The ESEU updating makes it possible to detect these changes and their quantification by differences in land price. This approach was applied to evaluate the economic impacts of erosion at two model localities in intensively exploited agricultural areas, in the region of the most productive soils of the Czech Republic. We compared the price per 1 m2 of land according to the land characteristics determined by the first land valuation with the current soil price based on the ESEU update. We also compared changes in the land characteristics. In the GIS environment, we established the mean long-term soil loss by erosion based on the original ESEU and compared it with the calculated soil loss based on the updated ESEU. The calculation method used was in accordance with the valid methodology for erosion calculation in the Czech Republic.
Keywords: erosion, evaluated soil-ecological units, soil price
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 105-113
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/143/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/143/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jasmina JOSIMOV-DUNDJERSKI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Author-Name: Radovan SAVIĆ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Author-Name: Andjelka BELIĆ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Author-Name: Atila SALVAI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Author-Name: Jasna GRABIĆ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Title: Sustainability of the constructed wetland based on the characteristics in effluent
Abstract: The constructed wetland (CW) in the settlement of Gložan is the first system of its kind for wastewater treatment constructed in Vojvodina (Serbia), aimed at treating local municipal wastewater. The common reed Phragmites australis, naturally growing at the CW location, was used as biofiltering vegetation. The monitoring effectiveness of the CW was based on removing suspended solids and reducing the amount of organic matter. The eight-year long study shows that the age of the constructed wetland does not significantly affect the changes (increase) in concentration of suspended particles and organic compounds from the wastewater effluent. We proved that measured values of variables, suspended solids, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of effluent belong to the same population. The chronological data series of suspended solids and BOD5 of effluent were processed using statistical tests of homogeneity, both parametric (Student's t-test with Fisher's F-test) and nonparametric (Mann-Whitney's U-test). The results of testing homogeneity of the data confirm that the constructed wetland has not been compromised, and that the removal of suspended solids is 93-96% and reduction of organic compounds, expressed in terms of BOD5, is up to 79-84%.
Keywords: BOD5, purification, suspended solids, wastewater
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 114-120
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/133/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/133/2014-SWR.html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aristeidis Kastridis
Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Mountainous Water Management Control, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment and
Author-Name: Vasiliki Kamperidou
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Title: Influence of land use changes on alluviation of Volvi Lake wetland (North Greece)
Abstract: The study deals with Volvi Lake, the second largest natural lake in Greece, where gradual alluviation and a land use change have taken place in the last 60 years. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of land use changes of the area on sedimentation and alluviation rate. Due to the lack of sediment measurements the Gavrilovic model was used to calculate the mean annual erosion of the two main drainage basins of the Lake for 1945 and 2007. Field research, orthophotographs, and topographic maps dating from 1945, 1971, and 2007 were used to determine the evolution of the vegetation cover and lake shoreline, in order to compare and evaluate the Gavrilovic model results. An increase of 6% of the forested area in combination with the improvement of scrublands quality were enough to cause a 15% decrease of the mean annual sedimentation, according to the Gavrilovic model, as well as a 50% decrease in alluviation rate, according to delta change measurement, comparing the periods 1945-1971 and 1971-2007. The importance of vegetation for soil protection was clearly demonstrated, indicating that reducing the land use and enhancing the vegetation quality could slow down the erosion process.
Keywords: erosion, Gavrilovic model, GIS, sedimentation, soil
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 121-129
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/174/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/174/2014-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:10:y:2015:i:2:id:174-2014-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna LENART-BOROŃ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Microbiology and
Author-Name: Monika PUCHAŁA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Microbiology and
Author-Name: Piotr BOROŃ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forest Pathology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
Title: Potential microbiological threat to the Vistula waters by its tributaries in the vicinity of Kraków
Abstract: The Vistula is the longest river in Poland. It stretches from the Silesian Beskids to the Gulf of Gdańsk. Water from the Vistula is the source of drinking water for many cities and is used in industry, and therefore its quality and microbiological purity is an important issue. The quality of water in the Vistula depends, among others, on the quality of water in its basin. The aim of this study is to assess microbiological hazard to the Vistula waters from its tributaries in the vicinity of Kraków. The analyses were carried out on 10 tributaries of the Vistula: Prądnik, Dłubnia, Drwina Długa, Drwinka, Raba, Uszewka, Szreniawa, Uszwica, Kisielina, and Dunajec. The examinations were carried out in four series, from May 2012 to March 2013. The numbers of coliforms, faecal coliforms, Enterococcus faecalis, and sulphate reducing Clostridium were determined using the membrane filtration method, while the serial dilutions method was used to determine the numbers of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, Staphylococcus and Salmonella. There was a large variation in the number of microorganisms in the examined watercourses, however in most cases the water could be classified as clean, whereas waters of the Vistula in the vicinity of Kraków are microbiologically contaminated. Thus, the examined watercourses do not pose a serious threat to the quality of the Vistula. Among the analyzed tributaries, the waters of the Prądnik were characterized by the worst sanitary condition, while the best microbiological quality was observed in the Dunajec.
Keywords: coliforms, faecal coliforms, microbiological pollution, water contamination
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 130-136
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
DOI: 10.17221/205/2014-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/205/2014-SWR.html
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