Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nóra CZIRBUS
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Author-Name: Tünde NYILAS
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Author-Name: Béla RAUCSIK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Author-Name: Magdolna HETÉNYI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Title: Investigation of the effect of soil mineral composition on soil organic matter stability
Abstract: The soil organic matter (SOM) pools with different stability play different roles in the agricultural and environmental processes, e.g. in the global carbon cycle. In this work Rock-Eval (RE) pyrolysis measurements and mathematical deconvolution of RE pyrograms were used for determining the abundance, quality, and main biological sources of SOM, as well as for evaluating the relative proportion of the labile (fresh plant and litter) and resistant (lignin and cellulose) bio-macromolecules, immature (humic substances) and mature refractory (naturally stable biological compounds, organic matter stabilized by physico-chemical processes and black carbon) geo-macromolecules. The samples were taken from the A-horizons of Leptosol, Luvisol, and Acrisol formed under different soil conditions (mineral composition, pH, and leaching). In agreement with the present vegetation, bulk RE data together with the results from the mathematical deconvolution of pyrograms display terrigeneous plant remnants as precursors of SOM for all the three samples. The presence of the more stable components, indicated by our results in the A-horizon only of Luvisol and Acrisol, could be a consequence of the intense leaching. In contrast, due to the limited leaching, the soluble components also remained in the A-horizon of Leptosol, for this reason SOM seems to be relatively well preserved. The comparison of the results measured and calculated on whole soil samples and their mineral-free hydrolysis-resistant macromolecular fractions (ROM) reveals that the stabilization of SOM is mainly controlled by organo-mineral association in Leptosol and Luvisol. These results suggest the importance of iron-oxides and -hydroxides and clay minerals in the stabilization of SOM for Leptosol and Luvisol, respectively, whereas in Acrisol the stability of SOM is due to the high relative contribution of naturally stable organic compounds.
Keywords: organo-mineral association, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, thermal stability
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 147-154
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/47/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/47/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:47-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaroslava JANKŮ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Ondřej JAKŠÍK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Josef KOZÁK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Adéla Marie MARHOUL
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Estimation of land loss in the Czech Republic in the near future
Abstract: The study presents an estimate of how many hectares of soil will be removed from the farmland fund in the coming years around the biggest towns for non-agricultural use, such as for residential purposes and industrial zones. To estimate suburban area spreading, so called "buffers", i.e. packing zones around towns, were established. For the capital city of Prague the buffer width was set at 3 km, for regional towns at 2 km, and for district towns at 1 km. In this area, as well as on the territory (intravilan) of towns, the estimate of the future acreage removal of farmland for building purposes was calculated. The study also quantifies the changes in acreage of different soil types. The results show a significant decrease in acreage of the best quality soils, primarily because the largest towns are usually built on the best soils, and these towns are spreading much more than small towns. The results were statistically processed for (a) total, (b) each regional town, (c) each district town, and (d) total always separately for urban areas, for suburban areas (buffer zones), and for their combinations. Cambisols represent the soil group with the largest loss of land, followed by Luvisols and Chernosols.
Keywords: land consumption, land protection, land take, soil sealing, suburban areas, urban areas
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 155-162
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/40/2016-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/40/2016-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:40-2016-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hailu ADDIS
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Andreas KLIK
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Theib OWEIS
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Stefan STROHMEIER
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Title: Linking selected soil properties to land use and hillslope - A watershed case study in the Ethiopian Highlands
Abstract: Deforestation of native forests for crop production in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed, located in the Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia, dramatically increases the vulnerability of the soil for rainfall driven erosion. Hence, the central task of the study is to investigate general links of land-use and topography related to selected soil properties. The 53.7 km2 watershed was divided into a 500 × 500 m square grid to sample bulk density (ρd), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and texture of topsoil. Such properties were investigated with respect to the two main land-uses, forest and agriculture, and three different slope steepness classes, 0-10%, 10-30%, > 30%. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were undertaken to explore potential dependencies of the obtained soil parameters according to land-use and slope steepness. The study indicates higher SOC, TN, silt and sand content in forest soils compared to agricultural soils, while solely ρd is lower in the forest soil. Overall increases of SOC, TN, silt, and sand content from the gentle to the steep slopes have been observed for both land-uses. In contrast, clay content and ρd seem to increase from steep to gentle slopes on agricultural areas, which might be due to accumulation of particularly fine soil particles eroded from the steep areas. Basic correlations valid for all land-uses and slope steepness classes have not been detected. Nevertheless, the study suggests slope steepness as a tool to assess the potential drivers of soil depletion in the Ethiopian Highlands.
Keywords: agricultural watershed, slope steepness, soil attributes, soil erosion
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 163-171
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/117/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/117/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:117-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher O. AKINBILE
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Author-Name: Andrew E. ERAZUA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Author-Name: Toju E. BABALOLA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Author-Name: Fidelis O. AJIBADE
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Title: Environmental implications of animal wastes pollution on agricultural soil and water quality
Abstract: An attempt was made to ascertain the environmental effects of animal wastes pollution on agricultural soil and water quality at the oldest teaching and research farm, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses of water (shallow well) and soil samples were carried out to determine the present quality status. Fifteen soil samples collected at the centre of the animal wastes dump and at a distance of 5 and 10 m, and three different samplings done on the water source were analyzed. The parameters determined using APHA standard procedures included: turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity, sulphide, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, total iron, nitrate, chloride, calcium, and heavy metals like copper, zinc, and lead. Most of the parameters indicated pollution including heavy metals presence with the exception of Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cr that were not detected in water samples. Concentrations of nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand, SO42-, PO43-, and Cl- were 0.20, 3.20, 10.50, 3.5, and 20.4 mg/l respectively, while those of detected heavy metals such as Mg and Ni were 1.98 and 10.03 mg/l, respectively. Soil water holding capacity, porosity, pH, organic matter, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen ranged from 33.34 ± 3.73 to 59.06 ± 5.69, 34.6 ± 3.28 to 52.43 ± 5.5, 6.56 ± 0.03 to 7.54 ± 0.03, 2.32 ± 0.03 to 5.35 ± 0.03, 1.33 ± 0.01 to 3.11 ± 0.01, and 0.58 ± 0.07 to 1.13 ± 0.03%, respectively. The results showed that the well is strongly polluted with bacteria and pathogens and requires considerable treatment before use while the soil is suitable for crop production.
Keywords: animal, pollution, soil, water, wastes
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 172-180
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/29/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/29/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:29-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanna CUCCI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Author-Name: Giovanni LACOLLA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Author-Name: Mario A. MASTRO
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Author-Name: Gianraffaele CARANFA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Title: Leaching effect of rainfall on soil under four-year saline water irrigation
Abstract: In the context of the overall competition for water resources it is important to understand the complex dynamics of crop water management including evapotranspiration, water quality, and leaching requirement, each of them depending on the site-specific conditions. The research started with grain maize and continued with sunflower, grain maize, and wheat, at the experimental field. On both grain maize and sunflower, 10 irrigation treatments were compared that resulted from the factorial combination of two types of water (fresh and brackish water) with five irrigation regimes; the scheduled treatments were applied by furrow irrigation. The amount of salts brought into the soil with the irrigation water during the three irrigation seasons of our trial increased shifting from the lowest to the highest irrigation regime and with the increase of salinity in the irrigation water. From the study of salt distribution in the soil it follows that at the end of the irrigation season the salt concentration increased by passing from the middle of the furrow, a zone more subject to leaching during irrigation, to the intermediate zone between the furrow and the ridge, and in the middle of the ridge between two contiguous furrows, an area of confluence of the wetting and salt accumulation fronts. The leaching water supplied during the irrigation season was poorly efficient in leaching the salts brought in through irrigation, whereas the rainfall water of the autumn-winter period after the irrigation season ensured a good control of soil salinity.
Keywords: brackish water, irrigation regime, leaching requirement, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 181-189
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/20/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/20/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:20-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dubravko FILIPOVIC
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Author-Name: Igor KOVACEV
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Author-Name: Kresimir COPEC
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Author-Name: Goran FABIJANIC
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Author-Name: Silvio KOSUTIC
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Author-Name: Stjepan HUSNJAK
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Title: Effects of tractor bias-ply tyre inflation pressure on stress distribution in silty loam soil
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to quantify vertical stress distribution in silty loam soil by applying three combinations of tyre inflation pressures of front and rear wheels of a four-wheel drive tractor weighing 3560 kg. The tyres on the tractor were bias-ply, front 11.2-24 and rear 16.9-30, and inflation pressures were 67, 100, and 150% of the recommended pressure. Soil stresses were measured at 10, 30, and 50 cm depths using a stress transducer consisting of ten sensors with a 10 cm distance between sensor centres. Decrease in tyre inflation pressure resulted in a decrease of maximum soil stress at all measured depths. Tyre inflation pressures greatly influenced soil stresses measured in the topsoil. Maximum soil stress in the topsoil depth below front wheel tyres was significantly higher than that below rear wheel tyres. There were no significant differences between tyre contact areas at recommended, high, and low tyre inflation pressures.
Keywords: ground pressure, soil stress, tyre-soil contact area, wheel tractor
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 190-195
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/124/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/124/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:124-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pavel ROSENDORF
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems, T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Petr VYSKOČ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems, T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Hana PRCHALOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems, T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Daniel FIALA
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems, T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Estimated contribution of selected non-point pollution sources to the phosphorus and nitrogen loads in water bodies of the Vltava river basin
Abstract: Eutrophication of inland waters by phosphorus as well as loads of coastal and marine waters by nitrogen is a major problem that impedes water bodies to meet the status defined by the Water Framework Directive. In order to reduce the nutrient load on the aquatic environment, first the significance of various pollution types should be thoroughly analyzed. The analysis of phosphorus runoff from agricultural land under normal rainfall-runoff conditions, and of nitrogen runoff associated with the application of manure on farmland shows their different impact on water body status in the Vltava river basin. The assessment of phosphorus indicates that annual specific phosphorus runoff ranges from 0.1 to 9.98 kg/km2 and in the sub-basins of the Upper Vltava, Berounka, and Lower Vltava, the average values from all water bodies reach 4.08, 2.92, and 4.02 kg/km2, respectively. Compared with the allowable capacity of water bodies for achieving a proper status, the average rate of phosphorus input on the load of water bodies comes within 20%, with a maximum value slightly exceeding 50%. This phosphorus input will not be a significant source of eutrophication of inland waters and measures will have to focus rather on other eutrophication sources. Estimating the significance of the impact of manure application on the nitrogen load of water bodies provides a completely opposite picture. The analyses showed that the load of water bodies ranges from very low values in areas without livestock to high loads in tens of kg/ha per year (max. 31.5 kg/ha/year). In the sub-basins of the Upper Vltava, Berounka, and Lower Vltava the annual specific runoff of nitrogen reaches average values for all water bodies (4.8, 3.9, and 5.7 kg/ha, respectively). The assessment of the proportion of nitrogen input on the load of water bodies showed that 25% of cases in the area of the water body may represent a critical load leading to an adverse assessment of ecological status. In many other water bodies it can, however, taking into account the load of mineral fertilizers, lead to exceeding the allowable capacity of water bodies and the risk of not achieving a right status. Nitrogen input after application of manure in soils represents an important source that threatens the right status of waters. Attention should thus be paid to all types of measures that will reduce the load of this source or restrict its transport from soil to waters.
Keywords: eutrophication, nutrients, Water Framework Directive, water quality
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 196-204
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/15/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/15/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:15-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petr PELIKÁN
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Ladislav KOUTNÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: Hindcast of wind driven wave heights in water reservoirs
Abstract: The paper is focused on the problems of water level motion in water reservoirs. Dimensions of wind driven waves are closely related to the parameters of occurring wind. Due to the complexity of the physical phenomena, most methods for wave prediction are based on semi-empirical relations. The theories for approximation of waves follow two approaches. The first one, called regular waves, is based on mathematical description of water surface. The second one, called irregular waves, results from statistical processing of collected data. The methods have been modified as wind and wave data were accumulated over time, resulting in better predictions. The aim of the present research consists in verification of two selected irregular wave models for characteristic wave height estimation - the first one widely used by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for sea and large inland water bodies conditions and the second one related to the Czech standard specification CSN 75 0255 Calculation of wave effects on hydraulic structures. Characteristic wave height represents one of the most important wave parameters as an input for consequent computational tasks dealing with hydrodynamic events occurring on the point of interaction between water level and shore (wave breaking, wave setup, wave run-up on structures and banks, etc.). Further, the paper discusses relevant statistical techniques for proper exploration of special data of wave motion gained from in situ measurements.
Keywords: characteristic wave height, irregular waves, wave train analysis
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 205-211
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.17221/105/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/105/2015-SWR.html
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:11:y:2016:i:3:id:105-2015-SWR