Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michaela Hrabalíková Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav Janeček Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Comparison of different approaches to LS factor calculations based on a measured soil loss under simulated rainfall. Abstract: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in combination with soil loss models can enhance evaluation of soil erosion estimation. SAGA and ARC/INFO geographic information systems were used to estimate the topographic (LS) factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) that in turn was used to calculate the soil erosion on a long-term experimental plot near Prague in the Czech Republic. To determine the influence of a chosen algorithm on the soil erosion estimates a digital elevation model with high accuracy (1 × 1 m) and a measured soil loss under simulated rainfall were used. These then provided input for five GIS-based and two manual procedures of computing the combined slope length and steepness factor in the (R)USLE. The results of GIS-based (R)USLE erosion estimates from the seven procedures were compared to the measured soil loss from the 11 m long experimental plot and from 38 rainfall simulations performed here during 15 years. The results indicate that the GIS-based (R)USLE soil loss estimates from five different approaches to calculation of LS factor are lower than the measured average annual soil loss. The two remaining approaches over-predicted the measured soil loss. The best method for LS factor estimation on field scale is the original manual method of the USLE, which predicted the average soil loss with 6% difference from the measured soil loss. The second method is the GIS-based method that concluded a difference of 8%. The results of this study show the need for further work in the area of soil erosion estimation (with particular focus on the rill/interrill ratio) using the GIS and USLE. The study also revealed the need for an application of the same approach to catchment area as it might bring different outcomes. Keywords: geographic information systems, topographic factor, universal soil loss equation, water erosion Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 69-77 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/222/2015-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/222/2015-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:222-2015-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edgar HILLER Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Author-Name: Martin ŠEBESTA Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Title: Effect of temperature and soil pH on the sorption of ibuprofen in agricultural soil Abstract: Besides many natural factors, soil pH and temperature can have significant effects on the sorption of pharmaceuticals in soils. This is the first study, which aimed to evaluate the effect of soil pH and temperature on the sorption of ibuprofen in soil. Sorption-desorption experiments at 20°C indicated weak retention of ibuprofen in the soil. Sorption of ibuprofen in the soil was affected by both temperature and pH with the latter showing much greater effect. The extent of ibuprofen sorption increased with decreasing pH mainly due to the change of ibuprofen speciation from negatively charged ions at high pH to the neutral form at low pH. At pH 4, the distribution coefficient Kd was 1.30 l/kg, whereas at pH 8, it was only 0.42 l/kg. When temperature increased, the sorption of ibuprofen decreased, showing that its sorption was exothermic. Keywords: human pharmaceuticals, mobility, retention, soil, thermodynamics Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 78-85 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/6/2016-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/6/2016-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:6-2016-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rezvan ZAREZADEH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbás, Iran Author-Name: Peyman REZAEE Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbás, Iran Author-Name: Razyeh LAK Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: Mehdi MASOODI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbás, Iran Author-Name: Mansoor GHORBANI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbás, Iran Title: Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of the northern part of mangrove in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf) Abstract: The mangrove of Hara Biosphere Reserve, stretching over 100 thousand hectares in the southern coast of Iran and in the northwest of Qeshm Island, belongs to the most important and largest mangroves in the Middle East. Twenty sedimentary samples were collected and concentrations of seven heavy metals were investigated in order to assess the extent of pollution distribution in this area and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations followed the scheme: Fe > Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Based on the geo-accumulation index, the Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu levels were graded as non-contamination, the levels of Cr and Ni as non-contamination to moderate contamination, while those of Cd as moderate contamination to moderate to heavy contamination. According to the enrichment factor and quantification of contamination calculations, Cu, Pb, and Zn were derived mainly from natural processes and exposure of material from the Earth's crust, while the increased values of Cd, Ni, and Cr were ascribed to anthropogenic activities. The ecological risk of heavy metals was moderate, largely due to Cd contamination. The elevated values identified for Cd, Ni, and Cr are supposingly associated with activities including human refuse, shipping, transportation, fuel smuggling, and industrial wastewater discharges from factories located around Hara Biosphere Reserve (e.g. Al-Mahdi aluminum factory, lead and zinc Qeshm factory, and Hormozgan cement factory). Keywords: anthropogenic, contamination, ecological risk, pollution, sediments Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 86-95 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/16/2016-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/16/2016-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:16-2016-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mustafa BAŞARAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Seyrani Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Develi, Kayseri, Turkey Author-Workplace-Name: Erciyes University Technology Transfer Office, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey Author-Name: Oguzhan UZUN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Seyrani Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Develi, Kayseri, Turkey Author-Name: Gunay ERPUL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey Author-Workplace-Name: Earth Sciences Application and Research Center of Ankara University, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey Title: Evaluation of field performance of BEST aeolian sediment catcher in sandy-loam soil of arid zone of Turkey Abstract: Field measurement of wind erosion is still a great challenge for researchers. In this study, field performance of a newly designed sediment trap BEST (Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap) was evaluated for the first time and compared with the commonly used Modified Wilson and Cook (MWAC) traps. Experiments were carried out at the Karapinar Research Station of Konya Soil and Water Resources Institute over the 50 × 50 m tilled sandy loam plot. Three wind erosion events occurred during the experiments. A small amount of sediment was trapped by the MWAC traps only at 0.20 m in all three events, and there were not sufficient sediment measurements at the catch heights to obtain vertical mass flux profiles. On the other hand, BEST was able to catch sufficient amount of sediment at each trap height to calculate soil losses from the experimental fields. Besides, an analysis for particle size characteristics by electron microscopy imagery indicated that almost all of the sediment particles trapped by BEST at any height above 0.60 m were smaller than 100 mm. Hereby, during three erosive wind events a better performance of BEST than of MWAC at comparable catch heights was verified. Keywords: sediment trap, trap efficiency, wind erosion Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 96-105 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/55/2016-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/55/2016-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:55-2016-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Václav BRANT Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Author-Name: Milan KROULÍK Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan PIVEC Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Author-Name: Petr ZÁBRANSKÝ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Author-Name: Josef HAKL Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Author-Name: Josef HOLEC Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Author-Name: Zdeněk KVÍZ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Luděk PROCHÁZKA Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources and Title: Splash erosion in maize crops under conservation management in combination with shallow strip-tillage before sowing Abstract: Soil under maize cropping is among the most endangered by erosion. The effect of conservation tillage management on values of splash erosion when using shallow strip tillage before sowing maize was evaluated in the Central Bohemian region (Czech Republic) during the period 2010-2012. The following types of tillage management using conventional technology and shallow tillage were evaluated: ploughed plots with mulch formed by weed biomass (PLW), ploughed plots with mulch from perennial ryegrass plants (PLPR), ploughed plots without mulch (PL) and shallow tillage (ST) where the mulch was formed by cereals straw. Furthermore, values of the splash erosion, plants and plant residues coverage ratio of soil by image analysis and the stability of soil aggregates were monitored during the whole experiment. The average value of splash erosion (MSR) was higher by 18.7% in the variant of PLW, lower by 35.9% in PLPR, and lower by 39.5% in ST, than in the control treatment PL (MSR value for PL = 100%) for the whole evaluated period (2010-2012). The average values of the soil surface plant coverage ratio in the plots with mulch ranged from 1.5 to 43.0% at the beginning of the vegetation period, and from 4.9 to 85.5% in the second half of the vegetation period. A positive correlation was observed between the average values of the stability of soil aggregates and the plant coverage ratio of the soil surface in 2010 and 2011. Keywords: aggregate stability, conservation tillage, mulch, plants cover, plants residues, silage maize, soil protection Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 106-116 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/147/2015-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/147/2015-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:147-2015-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří BRYCHTA Author-Name: Miloslav JANEČEK Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of discrepancies in spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Czech Republic caused by different approaches using GIS and geostatistical tools Abstract: The study presents all approaches of rainfall erosivity factor (R) computation and estimation used in the Czech Republic (CR). A lot of distortions stem from the difference in erosive rainfall criteria, time period, tipping rain gauges errors, low temporal resolution of rainfall data, the type of interpolation method, and inappropriate covariates. Differences in resulting R values and their spatial distribution caused by the described approaches were analyzed using the geostatistical method of Empirical Bayesian Kriging and the tools of the geographic information system (GIS). Similarity with the highest temporal resolution approach using 1-min rainfall data was analyzed. Different types of covariates were tested for incorporation to the cokriging method. Only longitude exhibits high correlation with R and can be recommended for the CR conditions. By incorporating covariates such as elevation, with no or weak correlation with R, the results can be distorted even by 81%. Because of significant yearly variation of R factor values and not clearly confirmed methodology of R values calculation and their estimation at unmeasured places we recommend the R factor for agricultural land in the Czech Republic R = 40 MJ/ha.cm/h +/- 10% depends on geographic location. Keywords: covariate, geostatistics, R factor, rainfall intensity, rainfall total, USLE/RUSLE-GIS method Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 117-127 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/176/2015-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/176/2015-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:176-2015-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David ŘEHÁČEK Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš KHEL Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Josef KUČERA Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan VOPRAVIL Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Martin PETERA Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Effect of windbreaks on wind speed reduction and soil protection against wind erosion Abstract: Windbreaks form efficient soil protection against wind erosion particularly at the time when soil cover is not protected by the cultivated plant vegetation cover. The objective of this research was to evaluate windbreaks efficiency in terms of wind speed reduction. Wind speed along the windbreaks was measured in the cadastral areas of Dobrovíz and Středokluky (Czech Republic, Central Europe). The measurement was carried out by 4 stations placed at windward side (1 station at the distance of 3 times the height of the windbreak) and at leeward side of the windbreak (3 stations at the distance of 3, 6, and 9 times the height of the windbreak). Each station contained 2 anemometers situated 0.5 and 1 m above surface. The character of windbreak was described by terrestrial photogrammetry method as the value of optical porosity from the photo documentation of the windbreak at the time of field measurement. A significant dependence between the value of optical porosity and efficiency of windbreak emerged from the results. The correlation coefficient between optical porosity and wind speed reduction was in the range of 0.842 to 0.936 (statistical significance more than 95%). A significant effect of windbreak on airflow reduction was proven on the leeward side of windbreak in a belt corresponding to approximately six times the height of the windbreaks depending on the optical porosity and it was expressed by a polynomial equation. Keywords: airflow, anemometer, field measurement, optical porosity, soil conservation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 128-135 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 DOI: 10.17221/45/2016-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/45/2016-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201702-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:12:y:2017:i:2:id:45-2016-SWR