Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bořivoj ŠARAPATKA
Author-Name: Marek BEDNÁŘ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Patrik NETOPIL
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Title: Multilevel soil degradation analysis focusing on soil erosion as a basis for agrarian landscape optimization
Abstract: The article demonstrates a multilevel method of soil degradation analysis on land within South Moravia (Czech Republic (CZ)), in the Hodonín region, which is among the highest producing agricultural regions in CZ. The analysis takes a top-down approach, from a regional scale, through cadastres, to individual blocks of land. In the initial (rough) phase, selection was based on the Soil Degradation Model created for the Czech Republic, which classifies the extent of soil degradation to a cadastral level. Within the chosen region, the Čejkovice cadastre is the most burdened in terms of the combination of various degradation factors, and was therefore chosen for a further level of analysis in the form of remote sensing. The results of remote sensing and image classification identify areas with a high level of water erosion, which is the most significant degradation factor within CZ. Pedological research was then carried out in these identified areas. The results of both approaches were compared, and showed significant differences between erosional areas and depositional areas of slopes, which confirms their suitability for the given form of research and analysis. A combination of the given general (Degradation Model) and more detailed methods (erosion modelling, image classification and soil sample analysis) can find practical application in the optimization of farm production in the rural landscape.
Keywords: aerial photos, erosion/deposition, modelling, soil analysis, soil degradation
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 119-128
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/118/2017-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/118/2017-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:118-2017-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rastislav JANÍK
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Author-Name: Eduard BUBLINEC
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Author-Name: Martin KUBOV
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen; Zvolen, Slovakia; 3Department of Biology, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Ružomberok, Slovakia
Author-Name: Ján KUKLA
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Author-Name: Branislav SCHIEBER
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Title: Sulphate contamination, pH and conductivity of forest soils in two neighbouring mountains with different pollution in Slovakia from 1989 to 2013
Abstract: The Štiavnické vrchy Mts. were strongly affected by pollution mostly from an aluminium plant in 1953-1989. This paper compares contamination of soils between Štiavnické vrchy Mts. and the neighbouring little polluted Kremnické vrchy Mts. from results of a 25-year study. After a decrease of emissions in Slovakia at the beginning of the 1990s the sulphate sulphur content, acidity and conductivity of soil water have decreased only on the surface and at a depth of 0.10 m at the study site in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts. At the depth 0.25 m the increase of sulphurization (23.68 kg/ha S-SO42- per year) and acidity (pH 4.92) was observed. During the research, the total sulphate sulphur influx to this soil depth was 568.3 kg/ha. The average sulphur input in the study areas of the Kremnické vrchy Mts. decreased with depth: from 18.48 kg/ha/year in the surface humus to 6.85 kg/ha/year at a depth of 0.25 m. The maximum sulphur influx at the open plot was 24.06 kg/ha/year and in total 553.34 kg S-SO42-. A small increase of acidity at soil depths of 0.25 m at some sites was observed also in the Kremnické vrchy Mts. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant influence of sulphate sulphur content in the atmospheric precipitation on the sulphur amount in the soil water. A significant correlation was also observed between the precipitation amount and the sulphur content in soil water. Data from monitoring revealed significant differences between the sulphur amounts at depths of 0.10 m and 0.25 m in these study areas.
Keywords: aluminium plant, conductivity, soil acidification, soil water, sulphur, Western Carpathians
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 129-139
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/218/2015-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/218/2015-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:218-2015-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vladimír ŠIMANSKÝ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic;
Author-Name: Martin LUKÁČ
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Title: Soil structure after 18 years of long-term different tillage systems and fertilisation in Haplic Luvisol
Abstract: Soil structure is a key determinant of many soil environmental processes and is essential for supporting terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Management of arable soils plays a significant role in forming and maintaining their structure. Between 1994 and 2011, we studied the influence of soil tillage and fertilisation regimes on the stability of soil structure of loamy Haplic Luvisol in a replicated long-term field experiment in the Dolná Malanta locality (Slovakia). Soil samples were repeatedly collected from plots exposed to the following treatments: conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) combined with conventional (NPK) and crop residue-enhanced fertilisation (CR+NPK). MT resulted in an increase of critical soil organic matter content (St) by 7% in comparison with CT. Addition of crop residues and NPK fertilisers significantly increased St values (by 7%) in comparison with NPK-only treatments. Soil tillage and fertilisation did not have any significant impact on other parameters of soil structure such as dry sieving mean weight diameters (MWD), mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates (MWDWSA), vulnerability coefficient (Kv), stability index of water-stable aggregates (Sw), index of crusting (Ic), contents of water-stable macro- (WSAma) and micro-aggregates (WSAmi). Ic was correlated with organic matter content in all combinations of treatments. Surprisingly, humus quality did not interact with soil management practices to affect soil structure parameters. Higher sums of base cations, CEC and base saturation (Bs) were linked to higher Sw values, however higher values of hydrolytic acidity (Ha) resulted in lower aggregate stability in CT treatments. Higher content of K+ was responsible for higher values of MWDWSA and MWD in CT. In MT, contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ were significantly correlated with contents of WSAmi and WSAma. Higher contents of Na+ negatively affected St values and positive correlations were detected between Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ and Ic in NPK treatments.
Keywords: different soil management, index of crusting, soil organic matter, soil structure, vulnerability coefficient, water-stable aggregates
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 140-149
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/38/2017-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/38/2017-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:38-2017-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiří BRYCHTA
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Miloslav JANEČEK
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Alena WALMSLEY
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Crop-management factor calculation using weights of spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity
Abstract: Inappropriate integration of USLE or RUSLE equations with GIS tools and Remote Sensing (RS) data caused many simplifications and distortions of their original principles. Many methods of C and R factor estimation were developed due to the lack of optimal data for calculations according to original methodology. This paper focuses on crop-management factor evaluation (C) weighted by fully distributed form of rainfall erosivity factor (R) distribution throughout the year. We used high resolution (1-min) data from 31 ombrographic stations (OS) in the Czech Republic (CR) for monthly R map creation. All steps of the relatively time-consuming C calculation were automated in GIS environment with an innovative procedure of R factor weight determination for each agro-technical phase by land parcel geographic location. Very high spatial and temporal variability of rainfall erosivity within each month and throughout the year can be observed from our results. This highlights the importance of C factor calculation using a correctly presented method with emphasis on the geographic location of given land parcels.
Keywords: geostatistics, C factor, R factor, rainfall total, rainfall intensity, USLE/RUSLE-GIS method
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 150-160
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/100/2017-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/100/2017-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:100-2017-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michal KRIŠKA
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Miroslava NĚMCOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Eva HYÁNKOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
Title: The influence of ammonia on groundwater quality during wastewater irrigation
Abstract: Currently, agriculture in many countries including the Czech Republic is increasingly facing the problem of drought. The lack of precipitation results in a reduced harvest, which implies added irrigation and freshwater requirements. One of the ways to overcome the scarcity of fresh water is to search for alternative sources of irrigation water. The paper deals with a water source, which has not been preferred yet, but theoretically provides a wide application - treated municipal wastewater. Under a pilot plant, several selected soils were tested, placed in 2.0 m high filtration columns. Our observation was focused on ammonia nitrogen and its gradual decline during the flow through the soil profile. Samples from the filtration columns (inflow = irrigation; outflow = drainage water) were periodically taken, while the collected data were used for calibration of the numerical model. The model was calibrated in two successive separate steps, both were compiled in HYDRUS-2D. In the first step the model was calibrated according to the measured soil water content of materials. Subsequently, a second calibration was performed using the measured seepage concentrations of ammonia. Despite certain simplifications caused by the focus only on ammonia nitrogen, the model shows very favourable results. The hydraulic model's goodness of fit (between observed vs. measured values of water content) is R2 = 0.88 for sand, 0.76 for loam, 0.72 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.74 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The calibrated hydraulic model for solute transport (between observed vs. measured values of NH4+-N concentration) showed the value of R2 = 0.89 for sand, 0.95 for loam, 0.95 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.92 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The model provides significant information on the dependence of decrease of ammonia pollution by the depth. Inflow concentration of ammonia on surface 17 ± 1 mg/l is reduced to the value of 2.0 mg/l at a depth of 110 cm. It is crucial for real application to maintain the hydraulic criteria - the field capacity should not be exceeded in praxis. The value of field capacity was deliberately slightly exceeded because of understanding of the situation: how the pollution proceeds below if this rule is not followed. As a result, if wastewater is applied, the groundwater level should not be at a depth of less than 1.5 m.
Keywords: field capacity, HYDRUS-2D, numerical modelling, nutrient, wastewater reuse, water supply
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 161-169
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/124/2017-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/124/2017-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:124-2017-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dariusz MŁYŃSKI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Author-Name: Andrea PETROSELLI
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Author-Name: Andrzej WAŁĘGA
Title: Flood frequency analysis by an event-based rainfall-runoff model in selected catchments of southern Poland
Abstract: The study evaluated the applicability of Event-Based Approach for Small and Ungauged Basins (EBA4SUB) for calculating annual peak flows with a specific return period (QT) in southern Poland. Data used in the calculations in a form of observation series of annual peak flows were derived from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw and covered a multi-year period 1971-2015. The data were statistically verified for their homogeneity, significance of monotonic trends, outliers and equality of variances. Peak flows with a given return period were estimated by a statistical method of Pearson Type III distribution, and by EBA4SUB model. The analysis showed that QT for the investigated catchments was the most accurately matching the values derived from the statistical method when EBA4SUB model was employed. This was evidenced by the values of average relative errors that reached 34% for EBA4SUB model (with beta hyetograph). The results of the study demonstrated usefulness of EBA4SUB model for the estimation of QT quantiles in catchments of the upper Vistula water region.
Keywords: EBA4SUB model, mountain catchments, probable peak flows, unit hydrograph
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 170-176
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/153/2017-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/153/2017-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:153-2017-SWR

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miroslav FÉR
Author-Name: Radka KODEŠOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Oksana GOLOVKO
Author-Workplace-Name: South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Zuzana SCHMIDTOVÁ
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Aleš KLEMENT
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Antonín NIKODEM
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Martin KOČÁREK
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Roman GRABIC
Author-Workplace-Name: South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
Title: Sorption of atenolol, sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine onto soil aggregates from the illuvial horizon of the Haplic Luvisol on loess
Abstract: The leakage of pharmaceuticals present in soils towards groundwater is largely controlled by sorption of those compounds in soils. In some soils, soil aggregates are covered by coatings, which may have considerably different composition in comparison to that in an inner part of the aggregates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sorption of three pharmaceuticals, which were applied in single or all compounds solutions, onto soil samples taken from the Bt horizon of a Haplic Luvisol. Analyses were performed on three types of disturbed soil samples: (1) entire aggregates, (2) aggregates from which coatings were removed, and (3) clay-organic coatings. Sorption of atenolol onto material from coatings was slightly higher than that onto material from the inner parts of the aggregates. On the other hand, sorption of sulfamethoxazole onto material from the coatings was lower than that from the aggregate interior. Both associates with a dominant fraction of clay particles (that are mostly negatively charged) in the coatings in comparison to soil composition in interiors and thus larger cation exchange capacity, which increased sorption of the positively charged atenolol and decreased sorption of the negatively charged sulfamethoxazole. Sorption of carbamazepine, which was in neutral form, did not substantially differ. The sorption of all three compounds did not decrease due to the competition between these compounds for the same sorption sites when applied simultaneously. Atenolol sorption was similar for both applications. Sorption of sulfamethoxazole increased when applied in solution with the other two compounds in comparison to its negligible sorption measured for the single compound solution likely due to sorption of the positively charged molecules of atenolol onto the negatively charged surface of soil components and reduction of repulsion between the soil components and the negatively charged molecules of sulfamethoxazole. Carbamazepine sorption also increased probably due to ionization of molecules due to dipole - induced dipole interaction between non-polar and polar molecules in solution.
Keywords: aggregates, aggregates interior, clay-organic coatings, illuvial horizon, pharmaceuticals, sorption
Journal: Soil and Water Research
Pages: 177-183
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Year: 2018
DOI: 10.17221/82/2018-SWR
File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/82/2018-SWR.html
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Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:13:y:2018:i:3:id:82-2018-SWR