Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kateřina Zajícová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Tomáš Chuman Title: Effect of land use on soil chemical properties after 190 years of forest to agricultural land conversion Abstract: Land use changes have a significant impact on soil properties and in some cases they are considered to be among the main threats to soil quality. The present study focuses on the relationship between soil chemistry and land use in a karstic region in Romania, where forests were converted to agricultural land 190 years ago by Czech settlers in the Banat Region. Out of several villages founded by the Czech settlers the study was done around the village of Sfinta Elena. The uniqueness of this study is that traditional agricultural practices using low intensity farming (fallow period, organic fertilizers) have been used continuously since the village was founded. Nowadays the landscape is a mosaic of different land uses. Sixty soil samples from 6 land uses, analysed for pH (active and exchangeable), total cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, amount of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, accessible P, total N, and soil organic carbon, showed very low concentrations of analysed elements and very low values of CEC and base saturation in soils. Current arable land use exhibited the lowest values especially of soil organic C. Surprisingly, forest soils differed significantly from agricultural soils only in C/N ratio and soil organic C concentration. Keywords: Banat, fallowing, low intensity farming, soil chemistry, Romania Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 121-131 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/5/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:5-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiuping Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan Key Laboratory of Plant Salt-Tolerance Research, Tangshan, P.R. China Author-Name: Zhizhong Xue Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan Key Laboratory of Plant Salt-Tolerance Research, Tangshan, P.R. China Author-Name: Xuelin Lu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan Key Laboratory of Plant Salt-Tolerance Research, Tangshan, P.R. China Author-Name: Yahui Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan Key Laboratory of Plant Salt-Tolerance Research, Tangshan, P.R. China Author-Name: Guangming Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Zhe Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan Key Laboratory of Plant Salt-Tolerance Research, Tangshan, P.R. China Title: Salt leaching of heavy coastal saline silty soil by controlling the soil matric potential Abstract: Techniques of drip irrigation are broadly applied for the reclamation of saline-alkali lands, during which effective management of water use to accelerate salt leaching is essential for crop production. In 2017, a field experiment with five treatments of soil matric potential (SMP) levels of -5, -10, -15, -20, and -25 kPa was conducted in heavy saline silty soil land in Bohai Bay, China to study the effects of drip irrigation on salt leaching. The results showed that salt leaching was enhanced with increasing SMP, particularly under an SMP of -5 kPa within a 30 cm soil profile depth and 15 cm distance from the dripper, and the average electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts (ECe) decreased from 13.8 to 1.52 dS/m. Water consumption increased with increasing SMP, but the yield of oil sunflower did not differ significantly between SMPs of -5 and -10 kPa. These findings indicated that a relatively high crop yield of oil sunflower and effective salt leaching can be achieved if the SMP can be controlled at -10 kPa in heavy saline silty soil. Keywords: drip irrigation, oil sunflower, reclamation of saline soil, ridge cultivation, water control Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 132-137 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/106/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/106/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:106-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zbyněk Janoušek Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Vladimír Papaj Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří Brázda Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Land protection versus planned land consumption: an example of the Hradec Králové Region Abstract: One of the most significant environmental problems in Europe is the land use change as a result of urbanization. The estimate of future agricultural land takes in the Czech Republic previously published in this journal is alarming; however, this is based on arbitrarily determined assumptions. Our contribution brings a more realistic assessment of the extent of expected land takes (example of the Hradec Králové Region). For this purpose, the data from the municipalities' Planning Analytical Materials (PAM) on buildable areas (and redevelopment areas) and data on the existing expansion of built-up areas are used. Particular attention is paid to the best quality soils included in the 1st and 2nd protection class of agricultural land resources (ALR), because some municipalities located in fertile agricultural areas argue about the necessity to build up good-quality land. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been used for the evaluation to what extent the share of the soils included in the 1st and 2nd protection classes of ALR out of the total area of the municipality is really related to the share of best quality soils in planned buildable areas. The spatial statistics method ‒ geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been used to find spatial deviations from the global relationship model. There is a clear differentiation between the municipalities as to whether they are able to rather protect the best soil or whether they are planning future construction predominantly on it. E.g. in municipalities with about 30-50% of the land included in the 1st and 2nd ALR protection classes, buildable and redevelopment areas are designed from 0 to 100% for these highest classes of ALR protection. However, the total strength of the association (Pearson's r) between these indicators is large, r = 0.80 (or r = 0.95 when "the point-index value of agricultural land" was used instead of ALR protection classes). The results of GWR show that higher deviations from the model value, both positive and negative ones, are not spatially clustered but located next to each other. Greater deviations occur more frequently in the more fertile western part of the region, where there is a higher pressure on good-quality land, which is either intended for development or protected on the basis of local factors (including spatial planning of individual municipalities). Estimation of future developments has revealed a substantial over-dimensionality of planned buildable areas - they will potentially be built up in more than 100 years. Keywords: buildable areas, land take, land use change, reduction of farmland, spatial planning, urbanization Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 138-144 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/102/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/102/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:102-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdalena Hábová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Lubica Pospíšilová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Hlavinka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro systems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miroslav Trnka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro systems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: Gabriela Barančíková Author-Workplace-Name: National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Prešov, Slovakia Author-Name: Zuzana Tarasovičová Author-Workplace-Name: National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Prešov, Slovakia Author-Name: Jozef Takáč Author-Workplace-Name: National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Prešov, Slovakia Author-Name: Štefan Koco Author-Workplace-Name: National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Prešov, Slovakia Author-Name: Ladislav Menšík Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Crop Management Systems, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Nerušil Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Crop Management Systems, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Title: Carbon pool in soil under organic and conventional farming systems Abstract: Changes in the agricultural management and climatic changes within the past 25 years have had a serious impact on soil organic matter content and contribute to different carbon storage in the soil. Prediction of soil carbon pool, validation, and quantification of different models is important for sustainable agriculture in the future and for this purpose a long-term monitoring data set is required. RothC-26.3 model was applied for carbon stock simulation within two different climatic scenarios (hot-dry with rapid temperature increasing and warm-dry with less rapid temperature increasing). Ten years experimental data set have been received from conventional and organic farming of experimental plots of Mendel University School Enterprise (locality Vatín, Czech-Moravian Highland). Average annual temperature in this area is 6.9°C, average annual precipitation 621 mm, and altitude 530 m above sea level. Soil was classified as Eutric Cambisol, sandy loam textured, with middle organic carbon content. Its cumulative potential was assessed as high. Results showed linear correlation between carbon stock and climatic scenario, and mostly temperature and type of soil management has influenced carbon stock. In spite of lower organic carbon inputs under organic farming this was less depending on climatic changes. Conventional farming showed higher carbon stock during decades 2000-2100 because of higher carbon input. Besides conventional farming was more affected by temperature. Keywords: crop management and climatic scenarios, RothC-26.3 model, soil organic carbon Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 145-152 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/71/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/71/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:71-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Brychta Author-Name: Miloslav Janeček Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Determination of erosion rainfall criteria based on natural rainfall measurement and its impact on spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Czech Republic Abstract: Rainfall erosivity is the main factor of the USLE or RUSLE equations. Its accuracy depends on recording precision and its temporal resolution, number of stations and their spatial distribution, length of recorded period, recorded period, erosion rainfall criteria, time step of rainfall intensity and interpolation method. This research focuses on erosion rainfall criteria. A network of 32 ombrographic stations, 1-min temporal resolution rainfall data, 35.6-year period and experimental runoff plots were used. We analysed 8951 rainfalls from ombrographic stations, 100 rainfalls and caused soil losses and runoffs from experimental runoff plots. Main parameter which influenced the number of erosion rainfalls was the precondition AND/OR which determines if conditions of rainfall total (H) have to be fulfilled simultaneously with rainfall intensity (I15 or I30) or not. We proved that if parameters I15 > 6.25 mm/15 min AND H > 12.5 mm were fulfilled, then 84.2% of rainfalls caused soil loss > 0.5 t/ha and 73.7% ≥ 1 t/ha. In the case of precondition OR only 44.6% of rainfalls caused soil loss > 0.5 t/ha and 33.9% ≥ 1 t/ha. If the precondition AND was fulfilled, there were on average 75.5 rainfalls, average R factor for each rainfall was 21 MJ/ha.cm/h (without units below in the text, according international unit: 210 MJ/ha.mm/h) and average annual R factor was 45.4. In the case of precondition OR there were on average 279 rainfalls but average R factor for each rainfall was only 9.1 and average annual R factor was 67.4. Therefore if the precondition OR is used, R factor values are overestimated due to a high number of rainfalls with no or very low erosive potential. The resulting overestimated soil losses calculated using USLE/RUSLE subsequently cause an overestimation of financial expenses for erosion-control measures. Keywords: erosion rainfall, R factor, rainfall intensity, RUSLE, USLE Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 153-162 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/91/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/91/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:91-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elham Forootan Title: Analysis of trends of hydrologic and climatic variables Abstract: Assessing trends of hydrologic variables related to both hydrologic processes facilitates accurate water resources forecasting, especially in arid and semiarid regions with high evaporation and low rainfall volume. In this study, spatial and temporal trends of six hydrologic and climatic variables, viz. rainfall, evaporation, streamflow discharge, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity and also the ratio of annual potential evaporation to precipitation (E/P) were analysed at a monthly and annual scale. Moreover, the relationship of relative humidity, temperature, rainfall and wind speed trends with evaporation trend was investigated. Results of the study revealed the absence of significant temporal trend in precipitation, temperature and wind velocity for the majority of months, and the presence of upward trends in relative humidity and evaporation values as well as downward trend in streamflow discharge in some months. At an annual scale increasing evaporation and decreasing stream flow discharge trends were observed at most stations, which means that the region will be confronted with more severe drought conditions in future. Also, the result of Spearman's rank coefficient revealed that the temporal evaporation trend is not related to wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall trend. Moreover, the spatial trend of climatic and hydrologic variables indicated the similarity of evaporation and relative humidity trend as well as wind speed and rainfall trend. Keywords: aridity index, nonparametric test, streamflow, watershed Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 163-171 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/154/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/154/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:154-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Kabelka Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: David Kincl Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Miloslav Janeček Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Vopravil Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Vráblík Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic Title: Reduction in soil organic matter loss caused by water erosion in inter-rows of hop gardens Abstract: Currently, when cultivating Humulus lupulus, there is no systematic farming reducing soil erosion in the Czech Republic. As a result, annual irreversible soil and organic matter losses due to intensive rains occur on soils of hop gardens threatened by erosion. One of the possibilities how to reduce water erosion in hop gardens and thereby to decrease the amount of washed away organic matter is using the conservation effect of suitably selected catch crops in inter-rows. Two catch crops were selected to test: Phacelia tanacetifolia and a grass-legume mixture. Organic matter in soil is a key factor to maintain the stable soil environment and our results show that the amount of washed away organic matter was reduced by more than half compared to conventional farming (60% - naturally moist soil, 54.5% - soil already saturated). The research was conducted between the years 2016 and 2017 close to the village of Solopysky. Soil loss was investigated using a rainfall simulator from which the organic matter washing away was consequently determined. The rainfall simulator is a device enabling to measure not only the soil loss due to water erosion but also the volume of surface runoff, infiltration etc. From the outcomes of measurements carried out with rainfall simulator it is apparent that these technologies have a significant soil conservation potential in hop gardens. Keywords: catch crops, permanent crops, soil conservation technologies, soil degradation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 172-182 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/135/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/135/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201903-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:3:id:135-2018-SWR