Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: editors Title: Index of Volume 14 Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: I-IV Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/12604-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/12604-SWR.html File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:12604-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yali Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology Key Laboratory of MOE, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiaoyang Li Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China Author-Name: Xingchang Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China Author-Name: Huaien Li Author-Workplace-Name: Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology Key Laboratory of MOE, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China Title: Investigating rainfall duration effects on transport of chemicals from soil to surface runoff on a loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions Abstract: The release and transport of soil chemicals in water erosion conditions are important for the local environment, soil and water resources conservation. According to the artificial rainfall experiments with a constant rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h and different rainfall duration (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min), the traits of soil PO43-, K+, and Br- release and transport from soil to surface runoff on the loess slope were analysed, and a model describing the chemical concentration change in surface runoff under soil erosion conditions was developed. The runoff coefficient quickly increased in 15 min or so, and then it was stable in the range of 0.60-0.85. The sediment intensity decreased in 30 min and soon increased after severe sheet erosion occurred on the slope. The concentration curve of Br- in surface runoff can be divided into two stages, quickly decreasing in the initial 30 min after the surface runoff occurred, and then stable. The concentration curve of PO43- and K+ in surface runoff can be divided into three stages, quickly decreasing like Br- was decreasing, then stable, and increasing after severe sheet erosion began. Compared with the exponential function, the power function was found more suitable for fitting the change in chemicals in runoff with unsaturated soil; while neither of them could well fit the PO43- and K+ concentration change after severe erosion occurred. The transport of chemicals under complex soil erosion conditions seems to be a dynamic release process between surface runoff and sediment. Based on the convection-dispersion mechanism and desorption kinetics, the polynomial model under soil erosion conditions was created. For adsorbed PO43- and K+, it is more suitable to simulate that process than the power function, while it is not so good for mobile Br-. Keywords: influence of rainfall duration, soil chemicals loss, soil erosion, surface runoff, traits and simulation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 183-194 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/98/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/98/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:98-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iftikhar Ahmed Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Minjuan Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Yanzhao Ren Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Qinglan Shi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Muhammad Hammad Malik Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Sha Tao Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Qiang Cai Author-Workplace-Name: Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China Author-Name: Wanlin Gao Author-Workplace-Name: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China Title: Performance analysis of dielectric soil moisture sensor Abstract: Soil moisture (SM) varies greatly in the soil profile. We developed a low-cost sensor for SM monitoring at three vertical depths. The sensor function was based on dielectric theory to monitor SM. Three linear calibration models were established using different soils. The sensor for each depth showed acceptable statistics of validations. The linear fit coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. Root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.35 to 4.30. The sensor performed consistently for at least 4 months, and is suitable for continuous monitoring of in situ SM and irrigation scheduling. Keywords: dielectric sensor, soil moisture, vertical depths Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 195-199 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/74/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/74/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:74-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zuzana Allmanová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Mária Vlčková Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Martin Jankovský Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forestry Technology and Constructions, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Michal Allman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Author-Name: Helena Hlavatá Author-Workplace-Name: Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Košice, Slovakia Title: Predicting the annual erosion rates on a small stream by the BANCS model Abstract: The erosion of streambanks causes soil loss and degrades the stream habitat. To optimize the prevention of bank erosion, we first need to determine the most vulnerable places on banks. This can be done by the BANCS model. However, data are still missing on its accuracy in small streams. We measured the real annual erosion rates on 18 experimental sections established on the Lomnická stream. Using the Near Bank Stress (NBS) and Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) we developed the erosion prediction curves and evaluated the relationship between these two indices and the real annual erosion rates. We found a strong relationship between BEHI and real annual erosion rates, with R2 = 0.72. The relationship between the NBS index and real annual erosion rates was also strong, with R2 = 0.53. Then we constructed erosion prediction curves for very high and extreme BEHI and for moderate and high BEHI. Despite the strong correlation between BEHI and annual erosion rates, the prediction curves had no real relationship with real annual erosion rates, with R2= 0.004 and 0.15, respectively. Keywords: Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), erosion model, Near Bank Stress (NBS) index, prediction curves, streambank erosion Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 200-211 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/58/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/58/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:58-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yujiang He Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China Author-Name: Guiling Wang Title: Identifying the soil structure of the piedmont-plains by the fractal dimension of particle size Abstract: Soil structure fundamentally determines the hydrodynamic characteristics of the saturated-unsaturated zone, solute transport characteristics, and thermodynamic properties of the soil. Additionally, it regulates the process of transfer and conversion of matter and energy in the saturated-unsaturated zone. However, the quantification of soil structure is difficult because it depends on a combination of factors including soil particle sizes and types and spatial distribution of pores. In this study, the structural characteristics of the vadose zone are examined based on self-similarity in the soil and the fractal theory of non-linear science. This approach describes the soil particle sizes and spatial distribution of pores in the interior layers of the soil. The study area stretches across 165 km of the piedmont-plains of the Taihang Mountains. The particle sizes and volume percentages of particle sizes in 57 soil samples were measured using the Mastersizer 2000 laser diffraction particle size analyser (Malvern Instruments, U.K.). This information is then combined with the volume-based fractal dimension (D), calculated using the fractal theory, of the various samples. The results obtained indicate that: (i) the fractal theory can be used to effectively identify the characteristics of three-dimensional structural changes within the soil profiles. The average soil particle size decreases from the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains towards the plains. Similarly, the volume percentage of particle size and the maximum volume percentage of a single particle size decreases. Moreover, the D values show an overall declining trend; (ii) the D values of the soils of the piedmont-plains of the Taihang Mountains show significant spatial variations in the range of 1.037-1.925. Although there is no correlation between the D value and soil particle size, the D value is very sensitive to the soil structure uniformity. The higher the uniformity, the greater is the D value; and (iii) D values cannot be used as the sole basis for determining the soil hydraulic properties. The D values and soil hydraulic properties are correlated only for a particular range of soil particle sizes. Keywords: Daqing River basin, fractal features, soil hydraulic properties, soil particle-size distribution, spatial variation Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 212-220 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/87/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/87/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:87-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kidia K. Gelaye Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria Author-Workplace-Name: Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia Author-Name: Franz Zehetner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Willibald Loiskandl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Andreas Klik Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria Title: Effects of soil texture and groundwater level on leaching of salt from saline fields in Kesem irrigation scheme, Ethiopia Abstract: In Ethiopia, soil salinity has become a challenge for agricultural production in irrigated arid and semi-arid areas. This research investigates the effectiveness of leaching salt remediation under different soil textures and groundwater tables. Leaching was conducted in the bare parts of three abandoned saline fields. Soil texture of Field 1 (F1) is sandy loam while Field 2 (F2) and Field 3 (F3) are clay loam. The F1, F2, and F3 groundwater was located at 1.8, 1.5 and > 3 m, respectively. The leaching requirement water levels were 15, 20, 25, and 30% higher than the evaporation of the bare field needed for four consecutive weeks, respectively. The results of this study show that, after four days of leaching, the salinity of F1 with sandy loam texture was significantly (P < 0.05) and more strongly reduced than for the other fields exhibiting clay loam texture. For F1, salinity was reduced from 16.3 to 6.2 dS/m and from 12.4 to 5.5 dS/m at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm, respectively. In head parts of F1 and F3, the salinity level was reduced to 2.0 dS/m. However, in F2 with shallow groundwater and clay loam texture, the salinity levels were slightly higher after leaching, i.e. from 11.2 to 12.0 dS/m and from 8.1 to 11.6 dS/m at 0-30 and 30-60 cm depths, respectively. In our experiment, effective leaching was achieved only in the field with sandy soil and deeper groundwater table. We saw that the application of leaching with surface drainage at shallow groundwater levels may further exacerbate salinity problems. For such situations, the use of subsurface drainage could sustain the groundwater depth and prevent additional salinization. On clay-textured fields with shallow groundwater table, a prolonged leaching application is necessary to reduce the salt contents. Keywords: arid, furrow irrigation, leaching, soil salinity, water Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 221-228 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/137/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/137/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:137-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xueya Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Dexin Guan Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Jiabing Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Fenghui Yuan Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Anzhi Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Cangjie Jin Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Yushu Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, P.R. China Title: Soil water response to rainfall in a dune-interdune landscape in Horqin Sand Land, northern China Abstract: Soil water dynamic is considered an important process for water resource and plantation management in Horqin Sand Land, northern China. In this study, soil water content simulated by the SWMS-2D model was used to systematically analyse soil water dynamics and explore the relationship between soil water and rainfall among micro-landforms (i.e., top, upslope, midslope, toeslope, and bottomland) and 0-200 cm soil depths during the growing season of 2013 and 2015. The results showed that soil water dynamics in 0-20 cm depths were closely linked to rainfall patterns, whereas soil water content in 20-80 cm depths illustrated a slight decline in addition to fluctuations caused by rainfall. At the top position, the soil water content in different ranges of depths (20-40 and 80-200 cm) was near the wilting point, and hence some branches, and even entire plants exhibited diebacks. At the upslope or midslope positions, the soil water content in 20-80 or 80-200 cm depths was higher than at the top position. Soil water content was higher at the toeslope and bottomland positions than at other micro-landforms, and deep caliche layers had a positive feedback effect on shrub establishment. Soil water recharge by rainfall was closely related to rainfall intensity and micro-landforms. Only rainfalls > 20 mm significantly increased water content in > 40 cm soil depths, but deeper water recharge occurred at the toeslope position. A linear equation was fitted to the relationship between soil water and antecedent rainfall, and the slopes and R2 of the equations were different among micro-landforms and soil depths. The linear equations generally fitted well in 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths at the top, upslope, midslope, and toeslope positions (R2 value of about 0.60), with soil water in 0-20 cm depths showing greater responses to rainfall (average slope of 0.189). In 20-40 cm depths, the response was larger at the toeslope position, with a slope of 0.137. In 40-80 cm depths, a good linear fit with a slope of 0.041 was only recorded at the toeslope position. This study provides a soil water basis for ecological restoration in similar regions. Keywords: antecedent rainfall, micro-landforms, response magnitude, soil water dynamics Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 229-239 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/142/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/142/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:142-2018-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Kulhánek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jindřich Černý Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jiří Balík Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ondřej Sedlář Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Filip Vašák Author-Workplace-Name: Administration of State Material Reserves, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Changes of soil bioavailable phosphorus content in the long-term field fertilizing experiment Abstract: The aim of this study is to describe the changes of bioavailable phosphorus content in soil in long-term 18 years field experiments with different fertilizing systems. The field experiments are located at three sites with different soil and climatic conditions in the Czech Republic (Červený Újezd, Humpolec and Prague-Suchdol). Same fertilizing systems and crop rotation (potatoes (maize) - winter wheat - spring barley) are realized at each site with following fertilizing treatments: (1) unfertilized treatment (control), (2) farmyard manure (FYM), (3) and (4) sewage sludge (SS 1 and SS 3), (5) mineral nitrogen (N), (6) mineral nitrogen with straw (N + straw) and (7) mineral nitrogen with phosphorus and potassium (NPK). The long-term fertilizing effect on available P content changes in soil was observed. Bioavailable phosphorus content in soil increased in treatments with organic fertilization after 18 year experiment at all sites. The treatments SS 3 had the highest increase at all sites. The highest bioavailable P content increase compared to control (258 mg/kg) was determined at site Červený Újezd. On the contrary, available phosphorus content decreased at treatments with mineral fertilization and control treatment among all sites. Bioavailable P content decrease in the treatment NPK was observed, although phosphorus was applied. The lowest differences in available P content among all fertilizing treatments were observed at the location Prague-Suchdol. Keywords: farmyard manure, mineral fertilizing, sewage sludge, soil Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 240-245 Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 DOI: 10.17221/175/2018-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/175/2018-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-201904-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:14:y:2019:i:4:id:175-2018-SWR