Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marián Horváth Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petra Hanáková Bečvářová Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Bořivoj Šarapatka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic Author-Name: Václav Zouhar Author-Workplace-Name: Forest Management Institute, Brandýs nad Labem, Branch Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Title: The impact of forest naturalness and tree species composition on soil organic carbon content in areas with unnatural occurrence of Norway spruce in the Czech Republic Abstract: Climate change has increased attention paid in the research to forest soils and tree species composition, in respect to the potential for carbon sequestration. It is known that forest stands are able to store soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known about the effect of forest naturalness on SOC content. This is important in relation of dying of unnatural spruce stands. It is necessary to determine a suitable composition of tree species which will replace them. This research is based on 248 plots with oak, beech, and spruce stands and mixtures of these species, with measured values of SOC. Our results show that autochthonous and mixed stands, in terms of tree species composition, in the study area had a higher SOC content than allochthonous and pure stands. In addition, it was found that autochthonous oak and beech stands, especially in mixtures, had a higher SOC content than allochthonous spruce stands (monocultures). On the basis of the presented results, it is possible to optimize the future tree species composition of stands in the study area, which currently have an allochthonous representation of spruce, to provide better function of carbon sequestration and resistance to climate change. Keywords: carbon sequestration, climate change, forest naturalness, forest soil Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 139-148 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/19/2022-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/19/2022-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:19-2022-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaolu Sun Author-Workplace-Name: College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: Jingtao Liu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: Shutang Liu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China Author-Name: Wenlong Gao Author-Workplace-Name: College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China Title: Soil organic carbon fractions comparison after 40-year long-term fertilisation in a wheat-corn rotation field Abstract: Several experimental methods have been developed to fractionate soil organic carbon (SOC) into functional sub-pools. However, which fractions had the potential to better reflect the SOC dynamics responding to fertilisation are still under discussion. Thus, we compared different SOC fractions (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; dissolved organic carbon, DOC; permanganate-oxidisable carbon, POXC; particle organic carbon, POC, and aggregation organic carbon fractions) and the soil respiration rate in a wheat-corn rotation field after 40 years of manure and N fertilisation in North China to search for the most sensitive SOC fractions to fertilisation. Manure increased the organic carbon (OC) contents of all the soil fractions (26.5 to 362.8%) and the POC (18.0 to 43.7%) and macro-aggregation percentages (3.0 to 4.4%), which indicated an increasing physical-protected aggregated OC fraction. N fertilisation alone slightly increased the OC contents of all the soil fractions and DOC percentage, but decreased the macro-aggregation OC percentage, which suggests the increasing possibility that the SOC is exposed to microbial communities causing a decreasing aggregation formation. However, when a high level of both the manure and N fertiliser were applied, the excessive N in the soil stimulates the soil microbial activity and decreases the SOC content comparing it to the same level of the manure fertiliser addition. Keywords: aggregation organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, particle organic carbon, permanganate-oxidisable carbon Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 149-157 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/144/2021-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/144/2021-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:144-2021-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikola Živanović Author-Workplace-Name: Ecological Engineering for Soil and Water Resource Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Vukašin Rončević Author-Workplace-Name: Ecological Engineering for Soil and Water Resource Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Marko Spasić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Stevan Ćorluka Author-Workplace-Name: Mining Institute Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Siniša Polovina Author-Workplace-Name: Ecological Engineering for Soil and Water Resource Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Title: Construction and calibration of a portable rain simulator designed for the in situ research of soil resistance to erosion Abstract: Land degradation caused by erosion processes is a widespread global problem. Rain simulators are one of the tools often used to determine the resistance of soils to erosion processes. The aim of this publication is to present the process of the construction and calibration of a small, portable field simulator which would be implemented in research studies designed to determine the changes in the soils' shear strength parameters in forested areas (in situ) caused by a change in soil moisture content achieved by the rain simulation. The constructed simulator consists of a metal frame, sprayers (with specific nozzles), a sediment funnel/tray made of metal, water and a sediment collector unit, a water tank and pump, and a set of rubber hoses, manometer, valves, reducers, adapters and other supplementary equipment. The calibration was carried out by using the pluviometric method. The choice of nozzles was based on the criteria of low water consumption (losses), the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and the possibility of achieving specific downpour intensities for the investigated area. The further calibration of the device consisted of determining the raindrop diameter and the distribution of the rainfall when the simulator is positioned on the slopes (7° and 15°). The achieved rain intensity was 1.7-1.9 mm/min, with a CU of 92.23-93.70% for the raindrop diameters (D50) equal to 1.2 mm. The kinetic energy of the simulated rain (Ke) was 2.82∙10-6 J. The constructed simulator proved itself to be in accordance with all of the given criteria, and it can successfully be implemented in research studies aimed at determining the resistance of forest soils to erosion processes, infiltration, and sediment yield. Keywords: field rain simulator, raindrop diameter, raindrop distribution, soil erosion Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 158-169 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/148/2021-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/148/2021-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:148-2021-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Chen Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Name: Zhenhua Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Name: Tianyu Wang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiaodi Wu Author-Workplace-Name: College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China Author-Workplace-Name: Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi, P.R. China Title: Irrigation quotas influenced the characteristics of the preferential flow in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation in Northwest China Abstract: Preferential flow is associated with potential issues of poor irrigation water-fertiliser efficiency in a cultivated field. In addition, a preliminary understanding of how irrigation quotas contribute to this prevalent phenomenon is limited. Thus, one blank control group and three different irrigation quotas were set (0, 450, 550 and 650 mm) and the dye tracing image method was applied to investigate the characteristics of the preferential flow in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation. On the basis of the results, we found significant differences in the preferential flow degree between the four groups (P = 0.02); the mean scores of the dyed area ratio Dc and variation coefficient Cv from the soil stained profile were 29.83%, 45.77%, 37.36%, 39.40% and 0.98, 1.12, 1.28, 1.17 for the total irrigation quota 0, 450, 550 and 650 mm, respectively, indicating an increasing and then decreasing tendency for the non-uniformity as well as variation in the soil water flowing as the irrigation quota being put on. At the same time, the preferential flow ratios showed a similar trend compared with Dc as well as Cv, which were 4.64%, 13.70%, 40.03%, and 23.60% for the irrigation amounts of 0, 450, 550, and 650 mm, respectively. In general, we concluded that the degree of preferential flow with an irrigation quota of 550 mm (local irrigation practice) was highest while no irrigation led to a more uniform flow in the cotton fields with film mulched. The present study goes some way towards supplementing our understanding of preferential flow in agricultural practice. Keywords: Brilliant Blue FCF, dye tracing image, non-uniformity, soil preferential migration, variability Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 170-179 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/74/2021-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/74/2021-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:74-2021-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Kincl Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Use and Improvement, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Formánek Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jan Vopravil Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Land Use and Improvement, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Pavel Nerušil Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Ladislav Menšík Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jaroslava Janků Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Title: Soil-conservation effect of intercrops in silage maize Abstract: More than 50% of agricultural land is threatened by water erosion in the Czech Republic. With respect to soil erosion, maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the most problematic crops; one of the possibilities to increase protection against erosion is intercropping. In this study, we attempted to find out the effects of individual intercrops and their mixtures (sown 4-6 weeks after sowing maize) or a mixed culture (maize plus lupine) on the soil losses and surface runoff in the period 2019-2021. The study was realised in a sugar beet growing region (Haplic Luvisol); a field rainfall simulator was used. From the used variants with Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L., Vicia villosa Roth, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Triticum aestivum L. or a mixture (Vicia villosa plus a Trifolium hybrid diploid), the variants with Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia villosa or Vicia villosa plus the Trifolium hybrid diploid, established between the maize rows (hybrid maize, cultivar Walterinio) on May 27, were the most efficient in case of both the soil losses and runoff reductions in the year 2019. For example, Triticum aestivum between the maize rows mostly reduced the soil losses and the surface runoff was similar (or higher) compared with the control (maize without any intercrop). The variant with Trifolium repens had mostly higher (or similar) soil loss values (compared with the control); in this variant, the runoff was lower compared with the control. We proved our hypothesis with regards to the higher reduction in the soil losses than with the runoff in the variant with Lolium perenne. The results from the years 2020 (the used variants with Lolium multiflorum, Secale cereale L., Trifolium incarnatum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, Lolium multiflorum plus Vicia pannonica Crantz) and 2021 (the variants with Lolium multiflorum, Lolium multiflorum - early sowing, Secale cereale, Trifolium incarnatum, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, a mixed culture = maize plus Lupinus albus L.) showed the variants with Trifolium incarnatum, the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum), Phacelia tanacetifolia (in the year 2020) or the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum) and a mixed culture (maize plus Lupinus albus) (2021) had the most positive effect - the soil loss and surface runoff values were lower when the maize was > 2 m compared with the maize < 1 m. The results obtained in the period 2019-2021 showed the grasses were the most efficient in decreasing the soil losses when the maize was < 1 m and when the maize was > 2 m with the used mixtures. Keywords: black fallow, erodibility, growth stage, ryegrass, slope, throughfall Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 180-190 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/36/2022-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/36/2022-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:36-2022-SWR Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Changfeng Liu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Ye Wang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Xiaoyu Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Gong-Ling Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Xuegui Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Pinyi Gao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Author-Name: Shuhua Yao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China Title: Antioxidant response by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to Pb pollution - A study to value the feasibility of soil phytoremediation Abstract: With the surrounding environment of Inner Mongolia lead (Pb) ore as the research background, the germination and physio-biochemical effects of Pb stress on alfalfa were discussed to employ this species for the remediation of Pb contaminated soil. Research has shown that a low Pb stress concentration could improve the biological resistance of alfalfa seeds, while a high Pb stress concentration cannot be tolerated. Interestingly, when the Pb concentration was 5 mg/L, the germination rate of the seed was promoted, and the chlorophyll content was especially increased. As the Pb content and stress increased, the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, catalase (CAT) increased; while the root cell viability, chlorophyll and soluble protein content decreased. In consequence, alfalfa was tolerant to Pb stress of 5 mg/L, inversely, its growth was inhibited at levels higher than 5 mg/L, and it was poisoned at 500 mg/L. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the H2O2, O2-, chlorophyll total, chlorophyll a, CAT and proline content explicitly reflected the change in the physiology on the alfalfa and its tolerance under Pb stress. Keywords: detoxification mechanism, physio-biochemical functions, principal component analysis Journal: Soil and Water Research Pages: 191-199 Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.17221/132/2021-SWR File-URL: http://swr.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/132/2021-SWR.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/swr-202203-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlswr:v:17:y:2022:i:3:id:132-2021-SWR